Topic: Governo local

El escritorio del alcalde

Abordar la capacidad de pago en Berkeley
Por Anthony Flint, Outubro 31, 2022

 

Esta entrevista se editó por motivos de espacio y claridad. Puede escuchar la versión completa en el pódcast Land Matters.

Jesse Arreguín fue elegido alcalde de Berkeley, California, en 2016. Es el primer latino en el cargo y, con 32 años, el alcalde más joven en un siglo. Arreguín, hijo y nieto de trabajadores agrícolas, se crio en San Francisco. A los nueve años, ayudó a impulsar esfuerzos para ponerle a una calle el nombre del activista Cesar Chavez. Este fue el primer paso de una vida dedicada a la justicia social. Después de graduarse de la Universidad de California, Berkeley, se quedó en la ciudad para ayudar en distintas juntas, como la Comisión de Asesoría de Vivienda, la Junta de Estabilización de Alquileres, la Junta de Ajustes de Zonificación, la Comisión de Planificación y el Ayuntamiento.

Como alcalde, Arreguín, que también preside la Asociación de Gobiernos del Área de la Bahía, priorizó la vivienda asequible, la infraestructura y la educación. Hace poco se reunió con el miembro sénior, Anthony Flint, en el Ayuntamiento, donde hablaron sobre esta ciudad de 125.000 habitantes e hicieron hincapié en la vivienda y la necesidad de ampliar la oferta habitacional. La conversación tuvo la ambientación apropiada: desde afuera de las oficinas del quinto piso, llegaban ruidos de construcción.

Anthony Flint: Parece que Berkeley se convirtió en el símbolo nacional de la grieta del “Sí en mi patio trasero/No en mi patio trasero” (YIMBY/NIMBY, por su sigla en inglés). ¿Qué deberían aportar los emprendedores inmobiliarios para incrementar la oferta, brindar diferentes opciones de vivienda y aumentar la densidad en los lugares adecuados?

Jesse Arreguín: Creo que el gobierno tiene mucho que hacer y vemos muchas acciones de liderazgo de parte del gobernador, la legislatura estatal, el fiscal general (que creó un grupo defensor de la vivienda para que se apliquen leyes estatales de vivienda), y los gobiernos local y regional. En los últimos años, en Berkeley, se tomaron medidas importantes para aprobar leyes que optimicen la producción y fomenten una variedad de opciones de vivienda diferentes en nuestra comunidad.

También nos comprometimos con ponerle fin a la zonificación excluyente. Creo que parte del motivo por el que Berkeley es un símbolo del debate que tiene lugar en todas las ciudades del país es porque es el lugar donde surgió la zonificación excluyente. En 1916, la ciudad adoptó la primera ordenanza de zonificación para marcar los barrios en Elmwood District como unifamiliares, a fin de evitar la construcción de un salón de baile. No es casual que muchas de las personas que frecuentan los salones de bailes sean principalmente personas de color. Lamentablemente, la zonificación unifamiliar en Berkeley surgió por la exclusión racial.

Mi forma de ver la zonificación y los problemas de vivienda evolucionó a lo largo de los años porque la crisis en Berkeley y en California empeoró significativamente en los últimos cinco años. Cada vez son más las personas que no tienen vivienda, las tiendas de campaña en las calles, las familias trabajadoras que no pueden afrontar el costo de vivir en la comunidad en la que trabajan y los estudiantes que no pueden afrontar el costo de vivir en la comunidad en la que estudian. El status quo no funciona y debemos hacer algo al respecto.

Creo que los emprendedores inmobiliarios anhelan ver al gobierno tomar un rol de liderazgo. Nosotros también debemos hacer un esfuerzo y dar lo mejor para facilitarles la construcción. Al mismo tiempo, debemos asegurarnos de que brinden beneficios comunitarios, ya que hay nuevas construcciones a precio de mercado, en especial en comunidades en las que predominan el desplazamiento y el aburguesamiento.

Hay casas a la venta por US$ 2 millones en barrios que históricamente son de la población de color. Este grupo disminuyó del 20 por ciento en 1970 al 7 por ciento en la actualidad. Creo que ese es un resultado directo de las decisiones de no construir viviendas que tomó el gobierno y del costo astronómico de las propiedades en Berkeley.

AF: Hablemos del aburguesamiento y de la especulación inmobiliaria, un problema presente en muchas ciudades. Hace poco, Los Ángeles inició un programa de parcelas de banca de crédito hipotecario cerca de estaciones de transporte público. ¿Ese será el tipo de medidas necesarias frente a las condiciones de mercado efervescentes que estamos experimentando?

JA: Creo que sí, y por eso estamos priorizando el suelo público para crear viviendas asequibles. Convertimos playas de estacionamiento en proyectos de viviendas asequibles. Estamos construyendo uno aquí cerca. Son 140 unidades de vivienda asequible y de apoyo permanente, y es el proyecto más grande que hemos construido para la población en situación de calle. Debemos priorizar el suelo público para el bien de la comunidad. De eso no hay duda.

Pero también estoy de acuerdo con que debemos tener en cuenta la banca de crédito hipotecario. Debemos aportar dinero para que los emprendedores inmobiliarios no lucrativos puedan comprar parcelas a fin de que siempre sean asequibles. Debemos analizar cómo podemos apoyar a los fideicomisos de suelo. No se trata de simplemente comprar propiedades, sino de comprarlas para que siempre sean asequibles. Esa es parte de la estrategia de vivienda de Berkeley. No tiene que ver solo con construir viviendas nuevas, sino también con preservar las viviendas existentes que ya son de por sí asequibles.

Creo que debemos enfocarnos en las tres P, como digo a menudo, la producción de viviendas nuevas, la preservación de las viviendas existentes que ya son de por sí asequibles y la protección de los habitantes actuales para que no deban desplazarse.

AF: ¿Cómo podría un impuesto a las viviendas vacantes, similar al que se aplica en San Francisco y Oakland, ayudar a abordar este problema del aumento en el valor del suelo?

JA: Hace poco, sometimos a votación un impuesto a las viviendas residenciales vacantes, que tiene algunas diferencias con el de Oakland porque no se centra en las parcelas vacantes, sino en las viviendas y las unidades residenciales vacantes. Algunas personas dicen que hay cientos de unidades vacantes, por lo que no hay necesidad de construir más viviendas, pero eso es absurdo. Tenemos que construir más viviendas, pero también debemos asegurarnos de que aquellas que no están a la venta vuelvan a incorporarse al mercado.

Cuanto más podamos abordar las acciones de los especuladores y quienes burlan las leyes, como denomino a quienes mantienen propiedades en ruina y vacantes por muchos años, podremos resolver la restricción artificial del mercado, lo que permitirá poner más unidades de nuevo a la venta. Dedicamos mucho tiempo a crear este impuesto a las propiedades vacantes y analizamos en detalle las situaciones en las que las unidades pueden estar vacías por razones legítimas. No buscamos enfocarnos en los propietarios de bienes inmuebles pequeños, sino en los propietarios de inmuebles grandes, ya que parte de lo que vemos es, en verdad, especulación del mercado.

Esperamos que llegue un momento en el que no tengamos que cobrar un impuesto porque todas las viviendas están alquiladas o en uso. Ese es el objetivo del impuesto a las viviendas vacantes; no queremos penalizar, sino incentivar a los propietarios de viviendas multifamiliares a usar las propiedades con el fin correspondiente.

Quiero volver a destacar que esta no es una panacea ni la solución a la crisis de las viviendas y que debemos construir unidades nuevas. Atravesamos una crisis que lleva décadas desarrollándose mediante las acciones deliberadas del gobierno, la segregación racial o las prácticas discriminatorias, la resistencia a construir viviendas y las políticas que limitan su producción.

AF: Como centro de innovación, Berkeley tiene una economía pujante. ¿Cree que será posible que más trabajadores de Berkeley puedan llegar a vivir allí o hay un desequilibrio ya enquistado que debe controlar y aceptar?

JA: Creo que es posible . . . pero para ello habrá que construir cientos y cientos de viviendas, y tendremos que priorizar la construcción de viviendas alrededor de las estaciones de transporte público, mejorar la zonificación de los barrios comerciales de baja densidad y analizar la construcción de viviendas multifamiliares en barrios residenciales. Cada parte de la ciudad deberá cumplir con su responsabilidad de crear más viviendas. Ninguna parte de la comunidad puede aislarse de los nuevos habitantes que se incorporen a la ciudad.

Creo que esa es la esencia de quiénes somos y quiénes decimos ser como ciudad. ¿Somos una ciudad igualitaria e inclusiva? Si lo somos, debemos darles la bienvenida a las nuevas personas que formarán parte de la comunidad. Creamos esas oportunidades para que las personas vivan aquí: personas que vivieron aquí y se vieron desplazadas, personas que trabajan aquí y no pueden afrontar el costo de la vida en Berkeley. Y, por supuesto, hay un beneficio climático si las personas no deben conducir durante una o dos horas para llegar a la ciudad. Eso reduce la cantidad de vehículos en las calles y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, y nos ayuda a mitigar el impacto del cambio climático. La construcción de desarrollos habitacionales de alta densidad y orientados al transporte es un aspecto fundamental en la implementación de acciones climáticas. Las políticas de uso del suelo y las acciones para fomentar viviendas de mayor densidad son estrategias de acción climática fundamentales.

AF: ¿Podría hablar sobre la importancia de la seguridad para ciclistas y peatones según su perspectiva de cómo funciona la ciudad y cuál es la situación actual de Berkeley?

JA: Dada la gran cantidad de personas que van al trabajo en bicicleta o a pie y usan medios alternativos de transporte, tenemos que garantizar que puedan movilizarse por la ciudad de manera segura y más simple. Por desgracia, la cantidad de accidentes entre automóviles y ciclistas o peatones es cada vez mayor.

Al igual que muchas comunidades, adoptamos una política de visión cero enfocada en disminuir las lesiones y las muertes por accidentes de tránsito. Estamos analizando cómo podemos rediseñar y reconstruir las calles a fin de que sean más seguras para los peatones y los ciclistas. Obviamente, al ser la cuna de la Universidad de California, hay un gran número de habitantes jóvenes que de manera constante se movilizan a pie o en bicicleta, y debemos garantizar que los estudiantes y los habitantes puedan dejar el automóvil y usar medios de transporte con una menor emisión de carbono.

AF: En cuanto al clima, ¿qué más puede hacer Berkeley? ¿Qué está haciendo la región para enfrentar la crisis climática?

JA: Creo que la mejor forma en que Berkeley puede abordar la crisis climática es, en primer lugar, mediante el reconocimiento de que no es una crisis, sino una emergencia, y estamos viendo los efectos concretos reales aquí en California. En los últimos cinco años, fuimos testigos de algunos de los incendios forestales más devastadores en la historia de California, [y] Berkeley no escapa a las amenazas de los incendios. Es un indicio inequívoco de que la emergencia climática está aquí y no desaparecerá, y tenemos que reconocer que es necesario tomar medidas.

Me enorgullece que Berkeley sea líder en la lucha contra el cambio climático. Fuimos una de las primeras ciudades en adoptar un plan de acción climática. Por supuesto que construir viviendas de alta densidad en terrenos vacíos es una gran parte de ello.

Debemos fomentar más la movilidad eléctrica, ya sea mediante la micromovilidad o con la conversión de vehículos ligeros y pesados a eléctricos. California es líder en esta cuestión. Si bien el estado fijó muchos objetivos ambiciosos para realizar esta transición a una flota de vehículos eléctricos, todavía no contamos con la infraestructura necesaria. Con la ley federal bipartidista de infraestructura y la ley climática que se acaban de aprobar, esperamos que haya una cantidad significativa de recursos disponibles que podamos aprovechar para expandir la infraestructura en California.

Hacer que todos los edificios sean eléctricos también es importante, y Berkeley fue la primera ciudad de California en prohibir el gas natural y exigir que las construcciones nuevas sean completamente eléctricas. También estamos analizando cómo lograr que los edificios ya existentes sean eléctricos, lo cual es más difícil . . . Todas estas cuestiones son importantes, pero también tenemos que adaptarnos al cambio climático . . . ya sea que se trate de cómo abordamos el riesgo de incendios forestales o la subida del nivel del mar. Berkeley se encuentra en la Bahía de San Francisco. Sabemos que, si no tomamos medidas, muchas partes de la ciudad se inundarán y quedarán bajo el agua.

Aquí es donde creo que entra en juego el enfoque regional. Una ciudad no puede resolver todos estos [problemas]. Se ha hecho mucho en la Comisión de Transporte Metropolitano y la Asociación de Gobiernos del Área de la Bahía (nuestra agencia de planificación regional y nuestro consejo de gobiernos), a fin de reunir a las agencias gubernamentales para que analicen estrategias. Creo que es un área en la que el regionalismo y el gobierno regional harán una gran diferencia.

 


 

Anthony Flint es miembro sénior del Instituto Lincoln de Políticas de Suelo, editor colaborador de Land Lines y conductor del pódcast Land Matters.

Private Development Programs for Weak Markets

Março 7, 2023 | 12:00 p.m. - 1:00 p.m.

Free, offered in inglês

Watch the recording

In this second webinar in the series, “Building Equity and Market Strength in Legacy Cities: Context-Driven Equitable Development,” speakers present emerging programs driven by for-profit developers to build local market strength, often with a focus on meeting the needs of existing residents or supporting minority contractor business development. The first webinar, Equitable Development Programs for New Construction in Weak Markets, takes place February 28.

Moderator

Headshot of Robie Suggs

Robie Suggs is responsible for all lending-related activity, including loan processing, underwriting, construction management and credit risk/asset management. She builds and maintains strong relationships with developers, nonprofits, business owners, and financial partners to originate, underwrite, and close loans in support of CDF’s mission and resident-driven community plans. She came to CDF from First Financial Bank, where she was Vice President of Strategic Partnerships, Economic Development, and Community Outreach.

Speakers

Headshot of Shannon Morgan

As Managing Partner of Renovare Development, Shannon Morgan is a housing expert and experienced leader with a diverse real estate background, specializing in building, rehabilitation, and development within urban areas, rural main streets and communities in numerous states throughout the country. Shannon has vast experience in working with various tax credits, brownfield developments, and transit-oriented projects; completing thousands of units of mixed income housing with a focus on projects that promote sustainability, urban revitalization, and a sense of place. Shannon is actively engaged in maintaining relationships with key stakeholders, legislators, local units of governments and aligned interest groups to develop and support policies and legislation affecting federal and state smart growth housing and development. She has championed several different pieces of legislation that were passed both federally and at the state level.

Headshot of Brian Potts

Brian Potts is the Managing Partner of The Ridgewood Group, a firm that specializes in the acquisition, revitalization and management of single family and multifamily properties. Mr. Potts focuses his work on value-add projects in core urban neighborhoods in Springfield and Dayton. He received his Bachelor of Business Administration from The Ohio State University and his Master’s in Accounting from The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Mr. Potts also holds an Ohio Real Estate Broker’s License. Brian resides in Springfield with his wife and two children.

Ryan Bates is CEO of Bates Development, a Louisiana certified minority real estate development company focusing on incentive development by utilizing low income housing tax credits, federal and state historic tax credits, and state/federal agency programs for funding. Ryan has completed developments for multifamilyaffordable housing, market rate housing, hotels, and commercial usage. Ryan also currently serves as Vice President of Development for IDP Properties, a boutique real estate development firm headquartered in Valdosta, GA that invests in and redevelops affordable housing communities. Ryan is responsible for real estate development and new business opportunities in the Louisiana Market.  Ryan is a board member for the Urban Development Fund, a New Market Tax Credit Development Entity.

Main image credit: Neighborhood Allies


Details

Date
Março 7, 2023
Time
12:00 p.m. - 1:00 p.m.
Registration Period
Janeiro 19, 2023 - Março 7, 2023
Language
inglês
Registration Fee
Free
Cost
Free

Keywords

Desenvolvimento Comunitário, Desenvolvimento, Desenvolvimento Econômico, Economia, Habitação, Inequidade, Planejamento, Tributação Imobiliária

Equitable Development Programs for New Construction in Weak Markets

Fevereiro 28, 2023 | 12:00 p.m. - 1:00 p.m.

Free, offered in inglês

Watch the recording

 

This webinar is the first in a two-part series, “Building Equity and Market Strength in Legacy Cities: Context-Driven Equitable Development.” Register separately for the second webinar. 

Weak market conditions severely limit policy and programmatic options for addressing inequity in legacy cities. But equitable real estate development is possible with creativity, local knowledge, and sensitivity to protecting burgeoning market strength.  

Greater Ohio Policy Center and the Lincoln Institute recently published a working paper, Building Equity: Equitable Real Estate Development Strategies for Weak Markets, which outlines several of these approaches. 

In this series, we examine strategies identified in the working paper that promote equitable outcomes while also protecting against overstepping and diminishing the market strength essential to sustained revitalization. We also share efforts led by private developers to strengthen real estate markets through innovative, equity-driven approaches. 
 
This webinar series will interest practitioners in legacy cities who want to learn about policies and programs that can work in weak markets. Strategies covered range from emerging interventions to more established programming aimed at ensuring the gains from economic development benefit all residents. 

Webinar 1: Equitable Development Programs for New Construction in Weak Markets 
February 28, 2023

This webinar will present detailed examples of strategies applicable in weaker real estate markets that can deliver equity benefits in novel ways. These strategies are suitable for local actors working in places that cannot sustain broad inclusionary housing policies or exactions due to the lack of market strength, political will, or both. 
 

Moderator

Headshot of Beverley Loyd

Beverley Loyd, CPA is Managing Director of Lending for Michigan and Ohio at IFF, a nonprofit financial institution. In her role, Beverley develops and implements strategies to serve the needs of nonprofit clients throughout the region, while providing leadership to a team of experienced lenders who are passionate about community development. With more than 20 years’ experience in commercial lending, Beverley brings her expertise in designing financial solutions for organizations of all sizes throughout Michigan and Ohio. Before joining IFF, she worked as a bank officer focused on the commercial and real estate markets for several Detroit-based banks. Beverley obtained her Master’s Degree in Finance at Walsh College and a Bachelor’s in Business Administration, with an emphasis in Accounting at the University of Michigan-Flint. She has taught Accounting, Finance, and General Business courses for more than 15 years at the graduate and undergraduate levels. She is a Certified Public Accountant, with experience in audit and taxation. Beverley has spent a lifetime dedicated to community service by participating in numerous charitable events, serving on nonprofit boards and committees, supporting fundraising activities that provide scholarships to local students, conducting financial workshops, and other programs and activities. Family is the joy in her life with 3 daughters, 2 granddaughters, and 3 grandsons. She also enjoys travel, gardening, and home improvement projects.

Speakers

Headshot of Matt Madia

As the Director of Real Estate Services, Matt Madia leads Neighborhood Allies’ Centralized Real Estate Accelerator. The Accelerator is a new, comprehensive, and community-based real estate model aimed at increasing the flow of capital to development projects in low-income neighborhoods and creating wealth-building opportunities for traditionally underserved residents. Prior to joining Neighborhood Allies, Matt served as Chief Strategy and Development Officer at Bridgeway Capital where he where he underwrote and structured community development and small business transactions and worked with community and regional leaders to direct additional resources to underserved neighborhoods. Matt brings with him a decade of financial tool development in the development sector and has raised nearly $25M in grants and $40M in structured debt. Previously, he spent six years as a policy analyst at a Washington DC-based public interest group, analyzing and lobbying for regulations and legislation more protective of consumer health, worker safety, and the environment.

Headshot of Brian Ogawa

Brian Ogawa is a Senior Commercial Real Estate Associate for the Port of Greater Cincinnati Development Authority. His responsibilities include pre-development financial underwriting and analysis of due diligence items for strategic dispositions, acquisition, and developments for multi-family and commercial properties. Ogawa also serves as project manager for stabilization and environmental remediation projects, which includes soliciting bids, managing budget, and contractors. Prior to joining the Port, Brian served as a development analyst and senior development officer with the City of Cincinnati’s Department of Community and Economic Development. In this role, he managed the underwriting and approval process for incentive packages for large-scale real estate development projects, including tax increment financing, loans, grants, and tax abatements. He also worked closely with the neighborhood stakeholders and managed multiple grant programs geared towards revitalizing neighborhood business districts. Brian received his undergraduate and graduate degrees from Xavier University.

Cory Riordan has served as Executive Director of Tremont West Development Corporation since 2012. During his tenure with the organization he has worked to expand quality of life initiatives for all residents through expansion of healthy food access, creation of recreation programs, and development of commercial activity that serves the residents of the neighborhood. Cory has also guided planning and development processes that have resulted in millions of dollars of investment in the Tremont neighborhood. Over the past few years, the organization is taking a more active role in ensuring affordable housing. Previously, Cory served as the Executive Director of St. Clair Superior Development Corporation on the near east side of Cleveland. He believes strongly in the work of community development corporations and their ability to help build great neighborhoods. He believes in the people of Cleveland and their communities to overcome challenges and work together for a bright future. Cory obtained his Master’s Degree in Urban Planning Design and Development in 2007 from Cleveland State University and a Bachelor’s Degree in Political Science from Ohio University in 2002. He lives in Cleveland with his wife and two children.

Webinar 2: Private Development Programs for Weak Markets 
March 7, 2023

Register separately for the second webinar in this series, which will concentrate on programs driven by for-profit developers to build local market strength, often with a focus on meeting the needs of existing residents or supporting minority contractor business development. 

Main image credit: General Building Contractors Association


Details

Date
Fevereiro 28, 2023
Time
12:00 p.m. - 1:00 p.m.
Registration Period
Janeiro 19, 2023 - Março 1, 2023
Language
inglês
Registration Fee
Free
Cost
Free

Keywords

Desenvolvimento Comunitário, Desenvolvimento, Desenvolvimento Econômico, Economia, Habitação, Inequidade, Planejamento, Tributação Imobiliária

Accessory dwelling unit in Seattle

A State-by-State Guide to Zoning Reform

By Anthony Flint, Dezembro 23, 2022

 

Statewide measures to change zoning at the local level have passed or are under consideration in several states. The aim is to allow a range of more affordable housing options and to create more equitable and sustainable communities. Opposition based on the tradition of local control over land use has been building, however. Find out more about current reform efforts below, and read our article The State of Local Zoning to learn more about the history of zoning and the reasons behind the push for reform.

Arizona. State representatives César Chávez (D) and Steve Kaiser (R) introduced a bill in 2022 allowing multifamily housing or increased single-family-home density on land zoned for agriculture or single-family homes. Following fierce opposition, the proposal was rewritten to establish a committee to study housing supply.

California. In 2022, Governor Gavin Newsom (D) signed a bill eliminating parking requirements near transit and legalizing mixed-income multifamily housing in all commercial areas. That followed the statewide legalization of accessory dwelling units (ADUs) in 2016, and a 2021 measure allowing property owners to split a single-family home or lot into duplexes or fourplexes. Opponents have vowed to reverse that law through a ballot initiative.

Connecticut. A sweeping reform bill passed in 2021 forbids local zoning that caps the number of multifamily housing units or discriminates against lower-income residents, in a state where 90 percent of land is reserved for single-family homes as of right. The package also legalizes ADUs, caps minimum parking requirements, enforces affordable housing targets, and eliminates the terms “character,” “overcrowding of land,” and “undue concentration of population” as the legal basis for zoning regulations.

Maine. A package introduced in early 2022 would have created a state oversight board with the power to override local decisions about critical housing projects; it also would have eliminated caps on growth instituted by municipalities citing “overcrowding.” Those provisions were removed, leaving a law that allows ADUs on land zoned for single-family homes.

Maryland. A 2020 bill to increase housing density in higher-income areas that have a concentration of jobs and access to transit failed to progress, as did another measure requiring municipalities to allow ADUs. Baltimore has considered ending single-family-only zoning on its own.

Massachusetts. Under the MBTA Communities law passed in 2021 and signed by Governor Charlie Baker (R), multifamily housing at a density of 15 units per acre must be allowed by right near transit stations, or state funding for infrastructure and other projects will be withheld. Several communities have challenged the policy, and some have indicated willingness to forgo the funding rather than comply.

Montana. In late 2022, a housing task force appointed by Governor Greg Gianforte (R) recommended opening areas zoned for single-family homes to duplexes, triplexes, and fourplexes, and overhauling other restrictive local zoning regulations. The head of the organization representing Montana cities and towns called the effort “straight out of California.” The legislature is expected to consider related proposals this year.

Nebraska. A bill introduced in 2020 and intended to ban single-family-only zoning and allow fourplexes was replaced by a measure that requires only that cities and towns show they are working toward affordable housing.

North Carolina. Bipartisan legislation in 2021 called for allowing duplexes, triplexes, fourplexes, and townhomes in any residential zoning district with water and sewer service, and allowing ADUs. That proposal stalled after opposition from local jurisdictions.

Oregon. The first state in the country to ban single-family-only zoning, Oregon enacted a law in 2019 that requires most cities with populations over 1,000 to allow duplexes, and requires municipalities of 25,000 or more to allow townhouses, triplexes, and fourplexes.

Utah. A measure passed in 2022 leverages state funding for local zoning reform that makes it easier to build middle-income housing and transit-oriented development. In late 2022, the state legislature was also considering withholding state funds for communities that lack a housing master plan, and overriding local zoning and hearings processes to allow landowners to build affordable housing.

Virginia. Governor Glenn Youngkin (R), who has been critical of NIMBYism, released a plan in November that recommends linking state funding to local housing plans and investigating comprehensive zoning reform.

Washington. Legislation under consideration would allow greater density at transit stations and permit two-, three-, and four-family homes in areas now zoned for single-family homes.


 

Anthony Flint is a senior fellow at the Lincoln Institute, host of the Land Matters podcast, and a contributing editor to Land Lines.

Image: Accessory dwelling unit in Seattle. Credit: Sightline Institute via Flickr CC BY 2.0.

A Connecticut resident at a 2021 protest holds a sign urging lawmakers to "keep zoning local"

The State of Local Zoning: Reforming a Century-Old Approach to Land Use

By Anthony Flint, Dezembro 22, 2022

 

Making the case that antiquated rules governing development in the United States are driving up housing prices amid a growing affordability crisis, advocates for statewide zoning reform are seeking to build on recent successes from California to Connecticut. But statewide mandates are encountering resistance from those defending local control of land use, a system that has prevailed for a century.

While the rule changes being implemented or considered are at a technical level previously only familiar to urban planning professionals, they could have an outsized impact—and not just on the availability of housing. Zoning, its critics say, has also locked in racial segregation and perpetuated environmentally unsustainable land use patterns.

The changes in question include banning single-family-only zoning; allowing multifamily housing in more places, including adjacent to transit stops; reducing or eliminating costly minimum parking requirements; and lifting prohibitions on accessory dwelling units (ADUs).

Efforts to reform zoning have gained momentum in part because the issue is surprisingly bipartisan, attracting supporters ranging from free market conservatives who favor streamlining government regulation to progressives concerned about homelessness and seeking to right racial wrongs.

Not only blue states along the coasts, but others regarded as red, such as Utah, are engaged in some type of zoning reform. In Virginia, Republican Governor Glenn Youngkin has been speaking out against NIMBYism, the “not in my backyard” opposition by established residents to new housing development. To address the rising costs residents face, he said shortly after taking office in 2022, “we must tackle the root causes: unnecessary regulation, overburdensome and inefficient local governments, restrictive zoning policies, and an ideology of fighting tooth and nail against any new development.”

The biggest driver of reform has been the lack of affordable housing, which is wreaking havoc with local economies. Home prices rose more than 20 percent nationwide from March 2021 to March 2022. In June 2022, Realtor.com reported that rents in the country’s 50 largest metro areas had jumped 26.6 percent since 2019, the latest in a string of record increases. According to the Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies, 30 percent of all U.S. households had unaffordable rent or mortgage payments in 2020, defined as exceeding 30 percent of monthly household income; a growing number of Americans spend half their income on housing. Workers often can’t live near their places of employment; outright homelessness is increasingly visible.

“Even people who are the beneficiaries of the California housing crisis, maybe folks who bought a home a few decades ago [and have seen their home values appreciate], they’re finding that their adult children can’t live within two or three hours of them. They’re finding that if they want to retire, they probably have to leave the state,” said M. Nolan Gray, author of Arbitrary Lines: How Zoning Broke the American City and How to Fix It. Whether in California or Utah, Gray said, residents are confronting similar “housing affordability issues that are affecting the middle class—and they’re looking for solutions.”

Still, the effort to apply new standards statewide is facing fierce political opposition at the local level, where land use decisions have historically been made, and where the right to set zoning has been heavily guarded since higher levels of government granted that power a century ago. The resistance warns against “imperialistic rezoning from state capitals,” in the words of one critic, framing the mandates aimed at increasing housing supply as inappropriate state preemption.

Responding to those who oppose any change in local regulations for development, state lawmakers have watered down statewide reform efforts by adding opt-outs or removing penalties for noncompliance. In some cases, the stirrings of reform have been shut down entirely. In Nebraska, a bill requiring municipalities with over 5,000 residents to allow fourplexes and other “missing middle” housing was replaced by a measure requiring only evidence that local jurisdictions were working on creating more affordable housing. (See our state-by-state guide to recent reforms in a dozen states.)

In Massachusetts, the program known as MBTA Communities—signed by Republican Governor Charlie Baker in 2021—requires cities and towns to allow multifamily housing near transit stations by right, with a minimum density of 15 units per acre. But many communities have challenged that mandate—and have indicated they are prepared to do without the state funding that will be withheld if they don’t comply.

If the key to any public policy reform lies in implementation, that may be especially true with something as entrenched as local control over land use. States intent on reform must convince localities that changing zoning in targeted ways is achievable and will be beneficial. Technical assistance and education, facilitated by state agencies and nonprofit organizations, will help, said Massachusetts-based researcher Amy Dain, who has conducted research for the Lincoln Institute and has documented how suburban communities around Boston have erected a “paper wall” of bureaucracy that hobbles attempts by developers to build multifamily housing.

In the case of the MBTA Communities act, she said, “the state is giving cities and towns lots of flexibility in deciding how to draw districts [of greater density] and how to write the requirements. It’s at the local level that the sites for transit-oriented multifamily housing development are selected and the dimensional requirements for new housing are established.”

The success of statewide zoning reform in the future may well hinge on the promise of that kind of state-local collaboration.

THOUGH MANY CITIES have been masterfully planned and designed over the centuries, zoning is a 20th century phenomenon. The need for a framework of rules and regulations emerged as a reaction to explosive growth in U.S. cities after the turn of the century, concurrent with industrialization and the growth of manufacturing; massive immigration; and advances in technology, particularly in the transportation sector, including the streetcar, subway, and automobile.

The call for zoning was part of a progressive campaign to relieve congestion and to improve living conditions and public health—to make sure a tannery was not located right next door to a rooming house, for example. But it was also designed to control where immigrants and people of color could live. The first U.S. cities to create zoning included New York City and Berkeley, California, both circa 1916.

In 1923, the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act provided model legislation states could adapt to grant municipalities the power to dictate land uses. Drafted by a Department of Commerce committee that had been assembled by Herbert Hoover and included Frederick Law Olmsted, the enabling act was adopted by all 50 states. The landmark 1926 Supreme Court case Euclid vs. Ambler Realty, which saw a realty company sue for the right to develop land across several newly implemented zoning districts in an Ohio town, affirmed that zoning was a local responsibility, and indeed a police power to reduce conflicts and improve public health.

Archival headline announces approval of zoning in San Diego, 1923
A headline announces the arrival of zoning in San Diego in 1923. Credit: Illustration courtesy of Voice of San Diego.

The result was that more than 30,000 local governments developed their own regulation of land uses and structures, including allowable height, bulk, floor-to-area ratios, lot sizes, and setbacks. A common approach was separating commercial, industrial, and residential uses, designating parcels by category in multicolored zoning maps that are still in use to this day. On the residential side, zones for single-family homes, often on large lots, were most prevalent; areas set aside for multifamily housing, including even two-family structures, were much smaller, if they existed at all.

Although communities used similar approaches, zoning became a highly decentralized system in which each jurisdiction developed particular rules in complicated formats. “Even for an expert, these zoning codes can be hard to read, and it’s nearly impossible to compare them to each other,” said Cornell University law professor Sara Bronin, who was part of a major zoning reform effort in Connecticut and is now leading the development of the National Zoning Atlas. That crowdsourced project is working to create a user-friendly, interactive zoning map of each state in the country.


ABOUT THE NATIONAL ZONING ATLAS

When Sara Bronin, now a Cornell University professor, first got involved in zoning reform in Connecticut, a clear need emerged: identifying what, exactly, the local land use regulations were in the state’s 169 cities and towns. Finding the answer took reviewing 2,622 zoning districts and more than 30,000 pages of text, and using spreadsheets, maps, and geographic information systems to organize everything. That exercise inspired Bronin and her small team of collaborators to launch a more ambitious project: documenting local zoning practices in all 50 states to create a National Zoning Atlas.

The aim of this crowdsourced project is to translate and standardize the country’s zoning codes, building an interactive online map that’s easy for the public to use and understand. The National Zoning Atlas seeks to help broaden participation in land use decisions, identify opportunities for zoning reform, and narrow an information gap that currently favors land speculators, institutional investors, and homeowners over socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. It will also illuminate regional and statewide trends and provide a resource for national planning efforts related to housing production, transportation infrastructure, and climate change.

A growing collaborative of researchers is currently working in 14 states, from New Hampshire to Hawaii. The team welcomes collaborators from all states. To learn more, visit www.zoningatlas.org.


The intensely local nature of zoning created another attribute that has helped effectively lock the rules in place: significant constituencies of established residents who refer to the rules to block new development. Zoning—as well as environmental regulations and, in some cases, historic preservation restrictions—was used as a shield in separated-use suburbs dominated by single-family zoning and in cities, where residents grew wary of redevelopment in tightly knit neighborhoods. Through the 1960s and 1970s, local neighborhood organizations grew stronger using veto power over a wide variety of redevelopment proposals, said Jacob Anbinder, who is writing a dissertation at Harvard about local control and community organizing.

The combination of complicated rules and staunch defenders made the system seem impenetrable. But some of the first challenges to the notion that zoning was sacrosanct—suggestions that local land use regulations had become calcified and obsolete—began emerging about 25 years ago, primarily on an environmental basis.

The smart growth and New Urbanism movements contended that the separation of uses was fostering environmentally damaging car dependence and had made mixed-use, walkable living arrangements essentially illegal.

“If you look at historical prezoning neighborhoods, the standard would be that you would have life’s daily necessities within walking distance,” said Gray. “You might have a corner grocery, you might have a corner barbershop, you might have a corner medical office, or at least cities could achieve densities such that transit would actually work. There was density high enough to be able to take a bus or even to take a train.

“Zoning makes all of that very difficult,” he said. “It really privileges the most environmentally inefficient land use patterns. It’s clear, when you look at the data, that many Americans actually want to live in an apartment, in a walkable neighborhood where they might not have a car—and zoning, in many cases, criminalizes that.”

In what might be described as an initial and more subtle attempt to get communities to reassess their zoning, planner promoting alternatives to sprawl introduced the idea of the “form-based code,” which reoriented zoning around the composition and massing of buildings, instead of focusing on the use and activities that go on inside. Others tried to help small and midsized cities make incremental adjustments that enabled more urban landscapes. “Meeting local governments where they are” was the mantra for the Project for Code Reform initiative launched by the Congress for the New Urbanism in 2016, said Lynn Richards, who was president of the organization at the time. “It was not intended as a full audit, but rather identifying the biggest little change a community could make to improve the regulatory environment in that place,” she said, adding that incremental changes were instituted in Michigan, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Wisconsin.

For the most part, however, the status quo remained, even as public awareness of the role of zoning in perpetuating racial segregation grew, adding to concerns about its impact. Historical and demographic research around the country illustrated the damaging and lasting impacts of land use decisions in places from Los Angeles to Manchester, New Hampshire. Local governments that had been handed the responsibility of overseeing land use had failed to ensure equitable and sustainable communities, according to this critique, and were showing no signs of changing their ways.

“A century of decentralized and isolated local control of land produced unacceptable levels of racial and economic segregation, urban sprawl that contributed to the climate crisis, and an almost unassailable housing crisis,” wrote Lincoln Institute President George W. McCarthy in an essay in the October 2022 issue of Land Lines. “It is sometimes necessary for higher levels of government to supersede the decisions of lower levels of government to promote general welfare or address negative externalities that are artifacts of uncoordinated actions at lower levels.”

A FEW CITIES, including Minneapolis and Portland, have been in the vanguard, taking steps to ban single-family-only zoning, for example. A framework of incentives and penalties encouraging denser and more inclusive development has also been floated at the federal level under the Obama and Biden administrations.

The rationale for statewide standards, however, has become increasingly clear: to eliminate the patchwork of different policies and regulations within metropolitan regions. Some communities might allow ADUs, for example, while others prohibit them. A more uniform regulatory regime would level the playing field, reflecting actual homebuying and renting aspirations and making it possible to develop a responsive regional approach to issues like the current affordability crisis.

The zoning reform measures that have passed or are under consideration range from relatively small tweaks, such as legalizing ADUs or eliminating minimum parking requirements, to more significant preemptions that allow multifamily housing, whether two-, three-, or four-family townhomes or larger apartment buildings, in areas zoned exclusively for single-family homes.

 

Illustration of types of accessory dwelling units
As a first step toward more comprehensive reform, many states have legalized accessory dwelling units (ADUs), allowing single-family homeowners to add a second unit. Credit: Joiedevivre123321 via Wikimedia Commons.

 

California has been a leader, first legalizing ADUs statewide, then allowing duplexes and lot splits in single-family zones, and mixed-income multifamily housing in all commercial areas, while also eliminating minimum parking requirements at transit stations. Connecticut is close behind, with requirements that cities and towns “affirmatively further fair housing” in their zoning, promote diverse housing options, legalize ADUs, and cap minimum parking requirements. The state’s newly adopted guidelines also prevent towns from enacting zoning that discriminates by income, caps the amount of multifamily housing in a community, or charges unreasonable or different fees for multifamily affordable housing.

An additional notable feature in Connecticut is the removal of the terms “character,” “overcrowding of land,” and “undue concentration of population” from state law as legal bases for zoning regulations. In their place, the bill allows towns to consider only the “physical site characteristics” of a district.

Reformers aspire to dig deeper on the issue of process, which has been shown to hinder and discourage new development by making it prohibitively costly. Recommendations include a “shot clock” limiting the length of the permitting process, and exemptions from lengthy review for small or mid-sized projects that clearly don’t have a major environmental impact.

OTHER STATES MULLING ZONING REFORM have included elements from the California and Connecticut reforms. But a pattern has emerged in which lawmakers propose tough measures—disallowing single-family-only zoning, for example—and then, in the face of opposition, prescribe milder reforms, such as lifting prohibitions on renting out carriage houses or apartments over garages.

Lawmakers appear to be responding to a predictable backlash against state mandates, which is premised on the basis that jurisdictions should not be subjected to blanket requirements that don’t fully consider local conditions.

Aaron Renn, a conservative urban analyst and contributing editor for City Journal, said he is “generally supportive of zoning liberalization as a tool to address housing supply shortages,” but is wary of putting states in control of local land use decisions because of the perceived risk that it will lead to one-size-fits-all policies. He expressed concern that state-level advocates of reform “argue that in most cases the upzoning won’t mean wholesale replacement of single-family homes with apartment buildings, but they won’t countenance any limits,” like putting a cap on the number of fourplexes in a neighborhood, and he worries that terms like “transit corridor” aren’t clearly defined.

Kimberly Fiorello, a Republican state representative for the Connecticut towns of Stamford and Greenwich, put it more bluntly, warning against the zoning reform package that was ultimately adopted by the state.

“Handing over local zoning control to ‘experts’ in Hartford should be an affront to anyone who believes in self-government and the right to private property,” she wrote in 2020, when zoning reform efforts led by state officials and the nonprofit coalition Desegregate Connecticut began gaining momentum. Fiorello and other Republicans even called at one point for a state constitutional amendment “to permit municipalities to enact and enforce zoning restrictions without regional or state interference.”

Preemption, in this case overriding local government, has been established as precedent in the area of housing and withstood legal challenges. In Massachusetts, Chapter 40B overrides local zoning to fast-track projects if 25 percent of the proposed units are affordable, in communities where the affordable housing stock is less than 10 percent. The landmark Mount Laurel case, first decided by the New Jersey Supreme Court in 1975, similarly required cities and towns to add their “fair share” of affordable housing as a priority that trumps local land use restrictions. In California, municipalities that don’t meet affordable housing goals are subject to the “builder’s remedy,” wherein developers can propose any housing project and it is automatically approved.

States pursuing meaningful reform thus must strike a balance between forcing compliance through penalties and other means, and supporting cities and towns more gently through the implementation process, assuring them they remain in control as they open up to more housing.

“Zoning has endured because it is embraced by local communities and local people. Planners should work to hold on to that enthusiasm, to give local communities local control, while supporting the myriad efforts to address the shortcomings of zoning in its current form,” said Harvey M. Jacobs, professor emeritus at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and Radboud University Nijmegen, in the Netherlands.

“Do localities need a nudge? Yes. Will they like it? No,” said Jacobs, who has conducted research with the Lincoln Institute on public policy and property rights. He predicts “somewhat of a cat-and-mouse game, between state-imposed standards and local implementation.”

IN THE MEANTIME, cities are acting on their own, with or without state mandates. The list of places approving reforms is growing, from communitywide upzoning in Walla Walla, Washington, to the approval of ADUs and elimination of parking requirements in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Cambridge, Massachusetts, recently joined the growing list of communities doing away with parking minimums.

Advocates are hoping to build on that momentum, relying in part on data analysis following implementation. Understandably, since this wave of reform efforts is relatively recent, there are few studies that show changes in zoning directly result in more housing affordability or other desirable outcomes.

An analysis of rents for freshly authorized ADUs by the Southern California Association of Governments showed the small-scale housing in five Los Angeles–area counties was affordable to those earning 80 percent of area median income and lower—although in many cases no rent was charged at all, as family members moved in to relieve overcrowding. “That’s essentially affordable housing production at scale and at no cost to the taxpayer,” said Gray, the Arbitrary Lines author. “That’s all just because of removing some of these zoning barriers to ADUs.”

Two working papers by the Mercatus Center at George Mason University determined that zoning that allows multifamily housing is associated with substantially larger population shares of Black and Hispanic residents than zoning for single-family housing—a combined nine percent higher in Greater Boston, and 21 percent in the Twin Cities metro area.

Bronin, who is leading the National Zoning Atlas effort at Cornell, said research she is about to publish found that simply eliminating minimum parking requirements could enable the creation of thousands of additional units of housing in 15 Connecticut cities. The greatest potential was in Bridgeport, the state’s largest city, which eliminated its minimum parking requirements for housing in 2022. “We’re hopeful that will unlock new investment in Bridgeport, which is pretty close to New York City and, like several of the large Connecticut cities, is struggling economically—but that one single reform has a lot of promise for the creation of new housing, which in turn will drive down prices,” Bronin said.

Though there are conflicting studies, some research suggests that increasing housing supply, even at the high end, can ultimately have a downward impact on rents and home prices. The growing consensus among policy makers and economists is that adding different types of housing across a broad region will be beneficial in the long run.

In that sense, those clamoring for even incremental zoning reform are faced with a challenge akin to climate change, which would continue even if all emissions could be halted tomorrow. Market conditions won’t change quickly, but acting now, the argument goes, will set the stage for a less disastrous lack of affordability in the future.

The case can be made on the basis of that long-term economic viability, said Dain, referring to the Massachusetts mandate for upzoning in areas around transit stations. “This isn’t really a technical change, it’s a major adaptive effort for the whole region—to make sure people will all have homes and that the region grows in a sustainable, resilient way.”

Bronin agrees that modifying rules established long ago can lead to big-picture payoffs—even as that is a complicated message to convey, since zoning has for such a long time remained unseen in the background.

“Zoning is the most significant regulatory power of local government,” she said. “It not only governs where we can put housing and factories and parks and shops—it actually has significant impacts on the economy, and even, I think, the very structure of our society.” Recalling the multiyear reform effort in Connecticut, she noted that “when we started . . . we knew that there was a place in the public conversation for zoning and the time was right to link reform of our outdated zoning laws with much better social and economic outcomes that would be beneficial to Connecticut as a whole.

“I think we surprised people in the traction that it gained and the allies that it gained,” she said, noting that Connecticut is known as “the land of steady habits.” Because that culture ultimately opened up to change, she said, she has hope for the reform attempts underway in other places: “I’m pretty optimistic about these efforts.”


 

Anthony Flint is a senior fellow at the Lincoln Institute, host of the Land Matters podcast, and a contributing editor to Land Lines.

Image: A protester urges Connecticut lawmakers to “keep zoning local” in 2021, shortly before the state passed comprehensive zoning reform legislation. Credit: Kassi Jackson, Hartford Courant/Tribune News Service.

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2023 Lincoln Institute Scholars Program

Submission Deadline: March 31, 2023 at 11:59 PM

This program provides an opportunity for recent PhDs, one to two years post-graduate and specializing in public finance or urban economics, to work with senior academics. 

Lincoln Institute Scholars will be invited to the Institute for a program on May 17–19, 2023, that will include:  

  • presentations by a panel of journal editors on the academic publication process; 
  • a workshop in which senior scholars comment on draft papers written by the Lincoln Institute Scholars; 
  • an opportunity for the Lincoln Institute Scholars to present their research; and 
  • a seminar in which leading scholars in public finance and urban economics present their latest research. 

For information on previous Lincoln Scholars, please visit Lincoln Institute Scholars Program Alumni. 


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This Simple Policy Tool Can Make Property Taxes Fairer and Ease Homeowner Hardship

By Jon Gorey, Dezembro 6, 2022

 

Home values catapulted upward during the COVID-19 pandemic, with the median price of an existing single-family home rising an astonishing 44.3 percent between the third quarter of 2019 and the same period this year, according to the National Association of Realtors.  

While fast-rising mortgage rates have helped slow that runaway price growth, home values in many areas have plateaued at new heights.

As communities update their assessment rolls to reflect higher home values, they can adjust their tax rates downward to avoid increasing residents’ tax bills. But even when those tax bills do rise, various forms of property tax relief can help communities ease the burden, especially for seniors and low-income homeowners.

“It’s so important that the property tax be stable and affordable,” says Joan Youngman, senior fellow at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, author of A Good Tax, and coauthor of the Policy Focus Report Property Tax Relief for Homeowners.  

Making a Good Tax Better 

The property tax is an essential—and relatively efficient—way to fund local government. Unlike income and sales taxes, the property tax remains fairly steady through the booms and busts of the business cycle. Its high visibility and tangible trade-offs promote civic engagement and transparency around local spending decisions. And the property tax can actually be a fairly progressive revenue raiser, taking a smaller share of homeowners’ incomes as earnings fall.  

This is especially true in areas that provide some form of property tax relief—such as Boston, which has offered residents a generous homestead exemption for decades.  

Such an exemption reduces the property tax owed on a principal residence, either by protecting a portion of the property’s value from taxation, or by offering a partial credit against the tax bill. It’s a fairly broad and simple policy tool—but it’s also a powerful one that can make the property tax more equitable. 

That’s important, because research has found that low-priced properties can be overassessed—and thus unfairly overtaxed compared with more expensive homes, potentially creating a regressive and inequitable tax structure that punishes poorer homeowners. 

“It’s inherently difficult to assess really low-priced properties,” says Daniel McMillen, professor of finance at the University of Illinois at Chicago. “A small mistake translates into a high percentage.” On a $900,000 home, McMillen explains, an assessment that misses the mark by a few thousand dollars is almost negligible. “But at $90,000, then $5,000 or $10,000 is a pretty serious error.” 

In a new working paper, Lincoln Institute fellow Ron Rakow shows how a homestead exemption can easily and completely compensate for such errors.  

When analyzing assessment data in the Boston area, Rakow found that, despite a tendency for low-priced properties to be overassessed, the effective property tax rate wasn’t regressive at all. In fact, because the homestead exemption offers proportionally more relief for lower-priced homes, Boston’s property tax was actually significantly progressive.  

“We’ve done a little bit more research into some of the concerns about assessment equity,” Rakow says, “and it’s really revealed how effective homestead exemptions can be.”  

A Progressive Tax Tool at Work in Boston 

Different types of homestead exemptions exist, but here’s how Boston’s program works: The taxable value of a homeowner’s principal residence gets reduced by a flat dollar amount, equivalent to 35 percent of the average assessed home value in the city that year. In 2021, that meant the first $295,503 of a primary residence’s value was exempt from property taxes.   

So if a Boston resident’s condo was assessed at $395,000 that year, the owner would only have to pay property taxes on the last $100,000 or so of the home’s value—a discount of roughly 75 percent. The resident-owner of a $1 million property would get a more modest discount of 30 percent, while owners of second homes and investment properties pay full freight.  

The flat dollar amount, which automatically adjusts annually, is an important feature. Some programs exempt a set percentage of a property’s value—the first 10 percent, for example—but that doesn’t add any progressivity to the tax, since high-priced homes benefit at the same rate. (Flat dollar homestead credits—which allow all residents to receive, say, $200 off their property tax bill—also offer progressively more relief for lower-value homes.)  

The simplicity of Boston’s program makes life easier for residents and city officials alike.  

“One of the big advantages for a flat dollar homestead exemption or credit over other types of property tax relief is that it can be very easy to administer, and for taxpayers to participate in,” says Adam Langley, associate director of tax policy at the Lincoln Institute and coauthor of the report Property Tax Relief for Homeowners. While other policies target relief more narrowly to lower-income homeowners or seniors, and are thus more cost-effective, Langley says, they’re also more complicated to operate and to apply for, bringing down participation rates.  

Boston’s exemption program requires homeowners to apply only once, after which they’re automatically enrolled until they move, sell the home, or die. The city has partnered with the Massachusetts Department of Revenue so it can use income tax records to verify residency status. “Before, in order to establish residency, we used to have people bring in copies of utility bills and all kinds of other documentation,” says Rakow, Boston’s former assessing commissioner. “Now we can establish residency just by doing a quick check against the income tax records, so that made the administration of the exemption much easier—and it also made it a lot more difficult to cheat.”  

Notably, Boston’s exemption doesn’t cost the city any revenue, or shift the tax burden to businesses; it just rebalances the same total residential tax levy toward higher-value homes.  

It’s also optional for the city. Massachusetts law doesn’t require communities to offer a homestead exemption; each city and town has the option of providing an exemption of up to 35 percent of its average property value. But even if a home’s total value falls under the local exemption threshold, state law does require homeowners to pay something: the exemption tops out at 90 percent of a property’s value. That helps keep homeowners involved and invested in local spending decisions.  

The Need for Equity and Relief 

Whether they pay their property taxes directly or through a mortgage escrow service, most homeowners are aware of increases to their tax bill. So with property values skyrocketing, local governments should be reducing their tax rates accordingly, Youngman says, despite the temptation not to.  

“It’s very hard for local governments to turn away what we call ‘silent tax increases’—where you never change anything on the books, but suddenly the revenue is raised,” Youngman says. But it was fast-rising property tax bills that inspired twentieth-century tax revolts like California’s Proposition 13, which limited assessment increases to 2 percent annually—and led to erratic and inequitable taxation.  

By essentially decoupling assessments from market values, policies like Proposition 13 create inequity on multiple levels. First, two families that own identical properties can end up with wildly different tax bills depending on when they purchased the home, putting new homebuyers at a disadvantage. At the same time, owners of homes that are rising in value the fastest receive a larger tax break than those whose home values are appreciating more slowly, even though the latter often have lower incomes and less wealth. “That is an example of a solution that can raise unanticipated problems,” Youngman says.  

A homestead exemption is a much more fiscally sound and equitable way to ease the property tax burden on residents. And that equity is sorely needed in places where low-priced homes are being overassessed. Even a relatively small homestead exemption—a fraction of the size of Boston’s—can essentially erase such unfairness, McMillen has found. He analyzed data for almost 10,000 municipalities and found the highest concentration of tax regressivity and inconsistency in homes assessed below $100,000. “And what that means is that a fairly modest homestead exemption can just take care of all the regressivity,” he says.  

How modest? In Chicago, the first $30,000 or so of a home’s value is exempt from the property tax, McMillen says—and that seems to be enough to overcome any assessment inequities.   

“It’s a really reasonable, logical approach,” McMillen says. “It’s not that much different from saying, ‘We’re not going to charge an income tax on people who make $10,000 a year, but by the time you get up to median income, you’re going to pay a healthy income tax.’”  

“It does mean the tax burden will get transferred to higher-income people,” McMillen adds. “But you can make an argument right now that it’s being transferred to lower-income people, because they’re being taxed at higher rates than they ought to be.” 


Jon Gorey is a staff writer for the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

Image: Jon Gorey

Construction in downtown Lynn

Should We Allow More Homes to Be Built in Existing Neighborhoods?

By Amy Dain, Novembro 28, 2022

 

Where should new multifamily housing go? This is a fundamental question facing 175 communities across eastern Massachusetts as they work to implement a new law intended to address the region’s housing shortage. The law requires cities and towns served by Greater Boston’s public transit agency, the MBTA (Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority), to enact zoning that allows multifamily housing near transit.  

If history is any indication, communities will seek to locate new housing away from existing residential neighborhoods. In recent decades, the largest portion of new housing in Greater Boston has been built in isolated areas on municipal and metropolitan peripheries. As an example, the town of Wellesley approved the construction of a 262-unit complex called The Nines—separated from almost all of the town by Interstate 95 and located on a spit of land tucked between the highway, state Route 9, and the Charles River. The towns of Needham and Stoneham permitted similar “across the interstate” developments, and other examples abound. 

The next largest portion of residential permitting has come in commercial areas.  As “smart growth” caught on in the new millennium, many cities and towns added one or two small- or medium-sized multifamily buildings to their downtowns. These properties are very close to residential neighborhoods, but not right in them. Zoning for mixed-use developments along decaying strip mall corridors has also been gaining support. Thus, we see projects on Newton’s Needham Street, Bedford’s Great Road, Salem’s Highland Avenue, Swampscott’s Vinnin Square, and many other less-than-loved “stroads.”  

For many communities, preserving the status quo of existing neighborhoods has been an explicit priority, even as the housing crunch has intensified. A few years ago, the city of Weymouth rezoned a commercial corridor for mixed-use multifamily housing, drawing the zoning district surgically to avoid development near existing residential neighborhoods. Wellesley’s 2018 Draft Unified Plan explains that participants in public meetings saw commercial, office, and industrial areas as the most acceptable locations for multifamily housing; not residential districts. In fact, my review of local master plans across 100 cities and towns showed no movement to upzone residential neighborhoods, other than by allowing accessory dwelling units (ADUs), which appear to have relatively popular support.  

Given the political resistance to changing residential neighborhoods, developing housing in other areas is not without merit. The Metropolitan Area Planning Council, the regional planning agency, recently analyzed more than 3,000 strip malls and shopping centers across Greater Boston, and estimated that such sites could accommodate 124,000 new homes. Between those areas and various office parks and industrial lands, Greater Boston could raise enough residential towers and townhouses to end bidding wars, giving renters and buyers the upper hand, without changing existing residential neighborhoods.   

However, the strategy of rezoning exclusively commercial and industrial areas assumes that the only goal is housing production. Metropolitan growth policy also needs to consider transportation, the environment, local economies, quality of life, and equity.  

The transit-oriented development (TOD) paradigm at the heart of Massachusetts’s new MBTA Communities Zoning Law imagines a region defined by a network of walkable, dense hubs that are well-connected by roads, walkways, bike lanes, bus lanes, train lines, and ferry routes. Under this scenario, people will spend less time in traffic; convenient region-wide mobility will be accessible to all residents, including those without cars; carbon emissions will go down; more people will have access to the region’s best opportunities; and our collective well-being and resilience will improve.  

One of Greater Boston’s most prominent strengths is that it was built as a network of urban villages well connected by trains and streetcars before automobiles began dominating urban design. The framework for the vision of well-connected “great neighborhoods” is already on the ground. The metropolitan area is crisscrossed with village centers and downtowns that contain pharmacies, libraries, restaurants, cafes, civic institutions, schools, playgrounds, public greens, quirky shops, and transit stops.  

If we write off as unchangeable all residential neighborhoods adjacent to these great hubs, then we make it harder to achieve the combined goals of an abundance of housing and sustainable, equitable settlement patterns. There is great demand in Greater Boston for “missing middle” housing that fits between single family-houses-with-yards and bigger apartment/condo complexes. For development of smaller scale multifamily housing to serve many people and make a difference in the market, it has to be allowed in more places.  


A residential neighborhood in Waltham, Massachusetts. Credit: Amy Dain.

The project to create more housing in the Boston area will involve a combination of strategies, including significantly more building on main streets and the currently car-oriented corridors that radiate out from them; continued building on some isolated parcels on municipal edges; and incremental increases in density near connected, walkable hubs—i.e., in existing residential neighborhoods. Significant development on isolated parcels and strip mall corridors should be accompanied by infrastructure redesign to create connected, walkable hubs.   

As they consider different development scenarios that meet the requirements of the MBTA Communities zoning law, leaders and residents will need to weigh the politics and pros and cons of dense zoning in commercial and industrial areas, against zoning for small-scale multifamily housing in neighborhoods. Their deliberations will be part of a larger national debate about how regions should grow. 

Many people will be anxious about the possibility of multifamily development next to their homes. They’ll worry about traffic and parking, property values, architecture, noise, privacy, and all sorts of things. But we could just as well associate new housing with the chocolate chip cookies the future residents might bake for block parties, the leadership they might take on local issues, and the purple pansies they might plant out front in big happy planters. We could think of the joy, stability, and safety that new neighbors will gain in, and contribute to, our neighborhoods.  

Humans are perhaps wired to protect against threats more than to revel in visions of possibility, but we are also well equipped to plan ahead, together. We should plan for a just and sustainable future with abundant housing in wonderful, connected neighborhoods—and reform local zoning accordingly. 

 


 

Amy Dain is an independent consultant in public policy research and writing. Her focus is on urban and suburban planning and housing policy. She has conducted research for the Lincoln Institute on zoning and approval processes for multifamily housing in the Greater Boston area. 

Image: Construction in downtown Lynn, Massachusetts. Credit: Amy Dain.

Course

2023 Fundamentals of Municipal Finance Credential

Maio 8, 2023 - Maio 12, 2023

Offered in inglês


As communities continue to struggle with effects of the pandemic and meet an array of urgent needs, from affordable housing to infrastructure, sound municipal finance practices have never been more critical.

While an influx of federal funds is helping local governments serve their residents and invest for the future, these funds are limited, temporary, and often competitive. Communities need to build the capacity to spend federal money well, with equity, efficiency, and sustainability at the center of their decisions. Further, they need to be prepared to adequately and fairly generate their own revenue, especially when federal funding diminishes.

Whether you want to better understand public-private partnerships, debt and municipal securities, or leading land-based finance strategies to finance infrastructure projects, this five-day online program will give you the skills and insights you need as you advance your career in local government or community development.

Overview 

This program was created by the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy’s Center for Municipal Finance in partnership with the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. This course will include modules on the following topics:

  • Urban Economics and Growth
  • Intergovernmental Fiscal Frameworks, Revenues, Budgeting
  • Capital Budgeting and Infrastructure Maintenance
  • Debt/Municipal Securities
  • Land Value Capture
  • Cost-Benefit Analysis
  • Financial Analysis for Land Use and Development Decision Making
  • Public-Private Partnerships
  • Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) in Municipal Finance

Upon completion of the course, participants will receive a certificate signed by both organizations. For planners maintaining their AICP credentials, this course provides 16 Certification Maintenance (CM) credits from the American Planning Association.

Course Format 

The live virtual programming will last approximately 3.75 hours each day, and the additional coursework—viewing prerecorded lectures and reading introductory materials—will require up to two additional hours each day.

Who Should Attend 

Urban planners who work in both the private and public sectors as well as individuals in the economic development, community development, and land development industries.

Cost 

Nonprofit and public sector: $1,400
Private sector: $2,400

Space is limited.


Details

Date
Maio 8, 2023 - Maio 12, 2023
Time
9:00 a.m. - 12:45 p.m. (EDT, UTC-4)
Application Period
Novembro 17, 2022 - Fevereiro 8, 2023
Language
inglês
Number of Credits
16.00
Educational Credit Type
AICP CM credits
Related Links

Keywords

Desenvolvimento Econômico, Infraestrutura, Uso do Solo, Governo Local, Saúde Fiscal Municipal, Planejamento, Tributação Imobiliária, Finanças Públicas

El escritorio del alcalde

Burlington, Vermont, busca cero emisiones netas
Por Anthony Flint, Julho 25, 2022

 

Esta entrevista, que se ha editado por motivos de espacio, también está disponible como pódcast de Land Matters.

O

riginario de Vermont y elegido por primera vez en 2012, Miro Weinberger ejerce su cuarto período como alcalde de Burlington, Vermont. Asistió a Yale y a la Escuela de Gobierno Kennedy de Harvard, y trabajó en Habitat for Humanity antes de fundar su propia empresa de desarrollo de viviendas asequibles. También es atleta a medio tiempo; juega como receptor en una liga amateur de béisbol para mayores de 35 años.

Hace tiempo que Vermont es un sitio progresista con una población dedicada a las medidas medioambientales, ya sea energía solar o eólica, vehículos eléctricos o prácticas agrícolas sostenibles. En 2014, Burlington, la capital y agente del cambio, en donde surgió Bernie Sanders (que fue alcalde entre 1981 y 1989), se convirtió en la primera ciudad en obtener el 100 por ciento de su energía a partir de fuentes renovables, un objetivo que se había planteado en 2004. Ahora, Weinberger y otros dirigentes siguen trabajando sobre esas bases y se comprometen a hacer que la energía, el transporte y el sector constructor dejen de usar combustible fósil.

ANTHONY FLINT: Cuéntenos sobre este objetivo ambicioso de ser una ciudad con energía de cero emisiones netas para 2030. ¿Cómo será y cuáles son los pasos para cumplir la meta? 

MIRO WEINBERGER: Como resultado de décadas de compromiso con la creación de construcciones eficientes y la climatización, Burlington, como comunidad, usa menos electricidad en 2022 que la que consumía en 1989, a pesar de la proliferación de dispositivos electrónicos nuevos y demás. . . suena excepcional y lo es. Si le resto del país hubiese seguido nuestros pasos, hoy en día tendríamos alrededor de 200 plantas energéticas a base de carbón menos. 

Cuando nos convertimos en una ciudad con electricidad 100 por ciento renovable en 2014, había mucho interés en cómo Burlington lo había logrado. Después de hablar con equipos de filmación de Corea del Sur y Francia, y de responder muchísimas preguntas sobre cómo lo habíamos logrado, llegué a la conclusión de que fue por dos grandes motivos. En primer lugar, la voluntad política. En segundo lugar, teníamos un departamento de electricidad municipal que tenía mucha experiencia técnica y que podía hacer que la transformación a fuentes renovables fuese asequible. 

En pocas palabras, definimos las cero emisiones netas como el no uso de combustibles fósiles, o el uso de combustibles fósiles con cero emisiones netas, en tres sectores. En el sector eléctrico ya lo logramos. Eso equivale al 25 por ciento del objetivo total. Los otros sectores son el transporte y el térmico, es decir, cómo calefaccionamos y refrigeramos nuestros edificios.

La estrategia más importante es la electrificación. Electrificar todos los autos y los camiones con base aquí en Burlington. Cambiar los sistemas de calefacción y refrigeración a distintas tecnologías eléctricas; es probable que la más común sea la de las bombas de calor de clima frío.

Por último, para redondear la estrategia, buscamos implementar un sistema energético por distrito que capture el calor residual [de la planta de biomasa de la ciudad] y lo use para calefaccionar algunos de los edificios institucionales principales. También estamos haciendo modificaciones en la red de transporte para que el transporte activo represente un mayor porcentaje de los viajes en vehículos y así reducir el uso de combustible fósil. Esas son las estrategias principales planificadas. 

AF: ¿Hay algún componente que le haya parecido más complejo en cuanto a aplicarlo en toda la ciudad? 

MW: En general, estoy bastante conforme con el progreso que hicimos. De hecho, en la primera actualización de 2021, descubrimos que estábamos encaminados para cumplir esta meta increíblemente ambiciosa de dejar de usar combustibles fósiles para 2030.

Aunque debo admitir que parte de eso se debe, como todos sabemos, a que 2020 fue un año excepcional en el que las emisiones provenientes del transporte se redujeron drásticamente por la pandemia. Recibimos una medición nueva hace poco y vimos un aumento, por lo que no estamos tan encaminados luego de dos años como lo estábamos [luego] de uno. Ese aumento que se produjo aquí en Burlington fue de alrededor de un cuarto del aumento de las emisiones a nivel nacional. Es decir, tuvimos un aumento del 1,5 por ciento después de la pandemia, mientras que las emisiones aumentaron un seis por ciento en el resto del país. Hemos notado un aumento muy rápido en la adopción de las bombas de calor y los vehículos eléctricos en los últimos dos años desde que propusimos incentivos a los que llamamos estímulos verdes al principio de la pandemia. 

Sin embargo, a veces siento que estamos peleando con una mano atada atrás de la espalda, porque la electrificación y las tecnologías renovables luchan en desventaja. Hoy en día, el costo de quemar combustibles fósiles no se refleja correctamente en la economía. Tenemos que encontrar la forma de ponerle un precio al carbono. El hecho de que no lo tenga es lo que evita que progresemos. Cuando lo logremos, y sé que lo haremos porque es inevitable que demos con la política correcta, al igual que otras jurisdicciones en todo el mundo, creo que tendremos viento a favor para poner en marcha todas estas iniciativas. Será de gran ayuda para todo lo que estamos intentando hacer.

AF: Quiero asegurarme de estar entendiendo bien. ¿Quiere que todos en Burlington tengan vehículos eléctricos para 2030? ¿Estamos hablando de una ampliación a escala y adopción de este tipo? 

MW: Básicamente, sí. Eso es lo que necesitaríamos para cumplir el objetivo. Eso o inversiones de compensación que nos ayuden a lograrlo, pero nos tomamos con mucha seriedad el hecho de hacer todo lo posible para lograr esta transformación lo más rápido posible. 

Hace un año entró en vigencia una ordenanza de zonificación en la que se establece que las edificaciones nuevas en Burlington no pueden usar combustibles fósiles como fuente primaria de calefacción. No prohibimos el combustible fósil porque nos pareció muy oneroso y porque la tecnología no está lista para eso. Reglamentar la fuente primaria de calefacción puede reducir el impacto de las construcciones nuevas en un 85 por ciento. En las últimas semanas, el estado aprobó un cambio en nuestro estatuto que nos permite ir más allá y establecer reglamentaciones nuevas para todas las construcciones en Burlington. 

Para la próxima asamblea municipal en marzo, queremos tener lista una ordenanza nueva para someter a votación, que fijará requi-sitos para la transformación de los sistemas mecánicos de las construcciones más grandes, tanto nuevas como existentes, cuando lleguen al final de su vida útil. Por ejemplo, cuando las calderas se rompan, tendremos una estrategia mediante nuestra empresa de servicios públicos que ofrecerá incentivos generosos, y también implementaremos normas reglamentarias que requerirán una transformación.

AF: Quiero saber más sobre los servicios públicos. Mencionó Burlington Electric y, por supuesto, también está Green Mountain Power. ¿Qué tan importantes son, dado que las empresas de servicios públicos de otros lugares parecen desconfiar de las energías renovables y podrían llegar a dificultar la transición? 

MW: Debo decir que una década en un cargo público lidiando con estos problemas me ha hecho un defensor acérrimo del control público de la energía. El departamento de electricidad fue una gran parte de todo el trabajo que describí de los últimos 30 años. Creo que es más difícil para los municipios, los pueblos y los alcaldes que no tienen su propio servicio de electricidad. Hay cosas que cualquier comunidad local puede hacer para colaborar y, cuando es necesario, ejercer presión pública sobre las empresas de servicios públicos, que usualmente deben responder ante una autoridad reglamentaria pública. Creo que hay formas de hacer que otras empresas de servicios públicos hagan lo mismo que está haciendo Burlington Electric. En Vermont, es emocionante escuchar que la otra empresa de servicios públicos que fue muy innovadora, Green Mountain Power, es una empresa de servicios controlada por inversores.

Si nos acercamos al objetivo de cero emisiones netas, significará que estaremos vendiendo mucha más electricidad que ahora. Creemos que será al menos un 60 por ciento más que hoy en día. Ahora, cuando alguien compra un vehículo eléctrico y lo carga en Burlington, si lo hacen de noche, podemos venderles energía fuera del horario de mayor demanda de manera que la empresa de servicios públicos obtiene más ganancias. Económicamente es muy bueno. Por eso podemos ofrecer estos incentivos muy generosos: cada vez que ponemos otro vehículo eléctrico o una bomba de calor en funcionamiento, es una nueva fuente de renta para la ciudad. En su mayoría, estos incentivos se autofinancian con esa renta nueva. Me parece que seguir este camino es una buena jugada económica.

AF: Vermont se convirtió en un destino muy popular para los refugiados climáticos más adinerados que compran suelo y construyen viviendas. ¿Cuáles son las ventajas y las desventajas de esto? 

MW: Tiene razón, hay muchos refugiados climáticos aquí. También los hay de la pandemia. El mercado de viviendas está bajo mucha presión, y ese es el aspecto negativo. Hace mucho que hay una crisis aguda de viviendas, pero ahora la situación está peor que nunca. El lado positivo es que quizás fuerce a Vermont a considerar seriamente establecer reglas para el uso del suelo a nivel local y estatal que posibiliten la construcción de más viviendas.

Se necesitan más viviendas de manera urgente. Es un aspecto que debemos mejorar y creo que habrá beneficios medioambientales si lo hacemos. Para mí, más gente viviendo en una ciudad ecológica como Burlington es una buena compensación para el medio ambiente.

AF: ¿Tiene otras estrategias en mente para hacer que Burlington, como ciudad ecológica, sea o siga siendo asequible? Burlington tiene un fideicomiso de suelo comunitario exitoso, ustedes fomentan las viviendas accesorias, hay zonificación inclusiva. . . ¿Qué sigue? 

MW: Tenemos mucho trabajo por hacer en cuanto a las ordenanzas de zonificación y la reforma de uso del suelo a nivel estatal. En este momento, en Vermont, muchos proyectos buenos, ecológicos, de eficiencia energética en áreas habitadas, deben pasar por procesos de permisos de uso del suelo a nivel local y estatal. Estos procesos son casi redundantes y enlentecen todo, aumentan el costo y crean muchas oportunidades para que surjan obstrucciones. Hay mucho trabajo por hacer y estamos enfocados en ello. Actualmente, estamos trabajando en tres esfuerzos principales de mejora de la zonificación y se está debatiendo mucho la reforma de la Ley 250 [ley de uso y desarrollo del suelo de Vermont] a nivel estatal. 

AF: Por último, ¿qué consejo les daría a los dirigentes de otras ciudades para que tomen acciones climáticas similares, en especial en lugares que no están tan preparados como Burlington? 

MW: Cuando hablo con otros alcaldes al respecto, intento dejar en claro que esta es un área en la que el liderazgo político [y la voluntad de la comunidad] puede tener un gran impacto. Cuando asumí, casi no había energía solar en Burlington. Esa fue nuestra prioridad y cambiamos algunas reglas sobre los permisos. Hicimos que fuese más fácil para los consumidores instalar paneles solares en sus viviendas.

La empresa de servicios públicos aportó lo suyo y, en pocos años, nos convertimos en una de las ciudades del país con más energía solar per cápita. Ahora estamos en el puesto n.º 5 a nivel nacional. En un momento, éramos la única ciudad de la costa este entre las primeras 20, y eso no es casualidad. Es porque tomamos la decisión de enfocarnos en ese tema y hacer un cambio. Se puede lograr un gran impacto. 

En un momento en el que la emergencia climática es una amenaza existencial, en un momento en el que claramente el gobierno federal está paralizado y no puede impulsar cambios, y en el que muchos gobiernos estatales están en la misma situación, los alcaldes y las ciudades pueden demostrar progresos en el terreno. Creo que, cuando lo hacemos, le demostramos a la gente lo que es posible.

 


 

Anthony Flint es miembro sénior del Instituto Lincoln, conduce el ciclo de pódcasts Land Matters y es editor colaborador de Land Lines

Fotografía: Burlington, Vermont. Crédito: Denis Tangney Jr. via iStock/Getty Images.