Topic: Poverty and Inequality

Two rows of tan and gray townhomes with rooftop solar panels. The rows are separated by a paved road flanked by wide,, white sidewalks.

Where to Build and How to Pay for It: Experts Weigh In

By Jon Gorey, January 29, 2025

That we need more affordable housing—a lot more of it—is hardly in dispute. Attainable housing is the foundation of economic and social stability for American families, and by most estimates, the shortage of available, affordable homes in the US numbers in the millions.

And yet actually building more of the affordable housing that everyone seems to agree we need remains a challenge in communities across the country, as theoretical support crashes headlong into real-world resistance and constraints.

In a December webinar hosted by the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, experts dove into the devilish details to address two of the thorniest questions that tend to haunt housing discussions: Where can we locate affordable housing? And how do we pay for it?

Mapping Public, Buildable Lots

In the first of two sessions, Jeff Allenby, director of geospatial innovation at the Lincoln Institute’s Center for Geospatial Solutions (CGS), shared how CGS is leveraging technology to help local policymakers get the data they need to act on housing.

“We’ve developed a unique, rapid, and robust method to unlock critical information about America’s housing stock,” Allenby said, describing Who Owns America, a unique analysis CGS developed to help local leaders understand and act on emerging issues like out-of-state investor ownership or locating underutilized lots in parcel-by-parcel detail. “It’s the same type of sophisticated insights the private sector uses to profit from residential housing, but instead we put these insights in the hands of policymakers so they can protect and preserve affordability.”

CGS cleans and standardizes parcel-level ownership data, fusing it “with authoritative sources like deed information, corporate structures, and census data to fill in gaps and paint a richer picture all in one place,” Allenby explained. “There’s never been such a severe shortage of homes in the United States,” Allenby said. “To address it, we need more housing—affordable housing—built close to where people work and where they want to live. But the big question we’re trying to answer is, where do we build it?” he added. “For us, the answer starts with data—building an inventory of available land in your area.”

Researchers and officials from across the political spectrum have expressed a growing interest in siting new housing on city- or government-owned property. That prompted CGS to evaluate all the government-owned lots across the country and their potential to support new housing, explained Reina Chano Murray, associate director at CGS. “We were curious: How much land is government owned, and how much of an impact can it truly have?” she said.

Murray demonstrated how the CGS team identified over 270,000 acres of buildable, transit-served lots owned by government agencies in major metro areas—enough acreage to support nearly two million homes at the relatively low density of seven units per acre. Most of that land, Murray noted—237,000 acres—is controlled by local governments, making them uniquely positioned to act. “Ultimately, the ability to turn these housing opportunities into reality rests with local policymakers,” she said.

 

A map of Massachusetts indicating the number of acres of buildable government-owned land in each county.
A national analysis by the Center for Geospatial Solutions illustrated the amount of potentially buildable, government-owned land across the country. The data can be viewed at state and local levels. Credit: CGS.

 

The process began with identifying publicly owned land at all levels of government and scouring parcel records for keywords that would indicate government ownership, such as “Department of Transportation.” Many records are not so straightforward or standardized, though. Murray said her team has encountered “over 50 different ways to spell USA or United States of America, and the variations in naming conventions only increase” at the local level.

From there, the team winnowed the data further to include only census tracts in urban areas and economic centers — where the most housing demand exists — and further still, to areas within a quarter-mile of a transit stop with hourly service or better at rush hour. Murray’s team then removed parks and other green spaces, vital infrastructure, and public buildings, such as administrative offices, schools, community colleges, and hospitals.

To narrow it down to truly buildable lots, they excluded places located in flood hazard areas and chose parcels of at least 20,000 square feet where any existing structures occupied no more than 5 percent of the lot. “We now have a clear and data-backed answer that indicates significant opportunity for addressing the affordable housing crisis using government-owned land,” Murray said. “Our analysis identified over a quarter of a million acres of prime, development-ready land in transit-accessible, urban neighborhoods.”

Murray then presented findings from another inquiry. In response to so-called “YIGBY” laws (Yes In God’s Backyard) passed in California and Arizona—which make it easier for churches, temples, mosques, and other faith-based organizations to build housing on their properties—the Boston-based Lynch Foundation commissioned CGS to determine how much affordable housing could be built on land owned by faith-based organizations in Massachusetts.

After identifying about 7,000 properties owned by faith-based organizations statewide, a team of 15 students at Boston College “virtually visited” each site through a custom application, using Google Street View to examine each parcel and answering basic survey questions, such as whether there was developable space on-site or additional buildings not used for worship. CGS confirmed 1,973 faith-based parcels deemed to have over 203 million square feet of total developable space. At seven homes per acre, Murray said, “That’s enough land to build over 140,000 units of affordable housing in Massachusetts alone.”

The effort took less than two months to complete, from start to finish—showing plenty of potential for religious institutions to alleviate the housing shortage and for technology to help policymakers quickly and accurately identify buildable land that has been hiding in plain sight.

Funding the Future

If locating land is the first step, finding the financing to build housing on those lots is the next challenge. Lincoln Institute Senior Fellow R.J. McGrail welcomed three partners affiliated with Lincoln’s Accelerating Community Investment (ACI) initiative to discuss funding strategies for affordable housing development.

Laura Brunner, president and CEO of the Port of Greater Cincinnati Development Authority, kicked things off on a positive note. She explained how Cincinnati, like other Midwestern cities, has been a prime target for institutional investors whose playbook involves outbidding first-time buyers to purchase single-family homes, then renting them out, often at inflated rates, locking residents out of homeownership opportunities.

But in 2022, the Port learned about a portfolio of almost 200 investor-owned rental houses that were being auctioned out of receivership. With a goal of restoring homeownership opportunities for the city’s low- and middle-income residents, the Port issued both taxable and tax-exempt bonds to enter a $15.5 million bid on the portfolio—and won.

“We first went to our nonprofit partners to ask if they would support us, and what we heard back was, ‘Yes, you have a mandate, a moral imperative to do this. We have to save these homeownership opportunities,’” Brunner said.

The plan was to rehab the vacant homes and sell them at prices affordable to buyers earning 80 percent of the area median income (AMI), while stabilizing the existing tenants and getting them prepared for eventual homeownership through home-buying education and financial counseling.

“We issued these bonds really confident that we were going to be able to take 200 homes and put them back into homeownership from rental without any subsidy, which is unheard of—all the new home construction we do requires a significant amount of subsidy,” Brunner said.

But while the receiver had claimed 10 of the properties were vacant, at least 60 of them turned out to be unoccupied—and in very bad shape. The Port has thus spent more money than expected to get the vacant houses ready for resale (and, at a local appraiser’s suggestion, to perform essential upgrades that most low-income homebuyers can’t afford to do themselves, like installing air conditioning). “When we found out the condition the houses really were in, we did need subsidy,” Brunner said. “But we’ve been successful . . . raising a number of grants that allow us to continue to keep the price down as much as possible.”

 

A brown and white house with a green lawn.
One of nearly 200 homes purchased by the Port of Cincinnati in a bid to fend off institutional investors and restore homeownership opportunities for local residents. Credit: Port of Cincinnati.

 

To date the Port has rehabbed and sold half of the 60 vacant homes at an average price of $150,000. “These are low- and moderate-income Black and brown neighborhoods [where residents] have basically not had an opportunity to purchase a home because such a high percentage were owned by these investors, and so we’re suppressing the sales price as much as we can,” she said.

The Port, which has also created affordable housing through a local land bank it’s managed since 2011, requires homebuyers to occupy its homes for at least five years before reselling. And after more than a decade of doing so, their efforts are creating real neighborhood wealth, Brunner said.

“We’ve done it long enough now that we’ve had about 30 people that have subsequently sold their house, and what we found is that those homeowners had a profit of 52 percent,” Brunner said. “So it proves that, even in these deeply distressed neighborhoods, we are making a market and . . . there’s wealth creation opportunity, which is what we’re all about.”

Plugging Gaps with Flexible Funding

MassHousing, the state housing finance agency for Massachusetts, also views homeownership as a way to help close the racial wealth gap, said Executive Director Chrystal Kornegay. “We sell tax-exempt and taxable bonds and use the proceeds of those bonds to lend to low- and moderate-income homebuyers,” she explained, as well as to developers of rental housing to ensure they keep a portion of their units affordable.

But when MassHousing conducted a study on where people of color were buying homes in Massachusetts, the organization noticed a pattern: Not only was new housing not being built at the pace it was two decades ago, Kornegay said, “but where it was being built was not the places in which people of color lived.” In response, the agency is trying to ensure some of its programs, such as down payment assistance for first-time buyers and incentives for affordable housing developers, are used more often in communities where people of color want to live.

Kornegay then discussed how zoning is often perceived as the primary obstacle to getting more affordable housing built but said that financing has become an even bigger hurdle in recent years, due to higher interest rates and other market conditions.

“Getting access to capital has become a huge barrier,” she said, noting that over 20,000 already-permitted units in Massachusetts have stalled out in development “because the capital stack for those deals just didn’t make sense anymore.”

Most large-scale, multifamily buildings in Massachusetts are permitted through the state’s comprehensive permit law, known as 40B, Kornegay said. And since those projects require at least 20 percent of the units to be affordable, at 80 percent of AMI, “they have affordability built into them,” she said. So Massachusetts created a flexible financial product geared specifically toward such projects, available through MassHousing, called “Momentum Equity.” While not a subsidy, it’s designed to blend with private financing and inject the extra capital needed—up to 25 percent of a project’s equity—to get more of those developments off the sidelines and into production. (Equity financing refers to an investment-style ownership stake, as opposed to a loan that is paid back at agreed-upon terms.)

A second new product, which can be paired with Momentum Equity funding, is called the FORGE loan. “We’ve created this product along with Freddie Mac, in which MassHousing as a lender would put up 10 percent of the total loan amount and serve in the first loan-loss position,” Kornegay explained, thereby securing more favorable lending terms. “These products together really can make an impact in the capital stack and get a bunch of units into construction in the next six to 12 months.”

Tapping Federal Funds Outside of HUD

Greg Heller, director of housing and community solutions at the global consulting firm Guidehouse, described how the two major pandemic relief acts passed by Congress provided a huge influx of federal money that could be used for housing over the past few years—and how more funding exists, if communities know where and how to look for it (and if the funds survive possible freezes or cuts enacted by the Trump administration).

Federal pandemic relief funding provided “new sources of capital that could be applied for things like eviction prevention programs, for things like housing and counseling, and first and foremost for gap financing for either tax-credit projects or non-tax-credit projects,” he said. “Everybody all over the country was trying to figure out how to harness and use these new financing sources.” About 10 percent of the $350 billion that cities and counties received in local recovery funds through the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) went to housing, he added—money that needs to be spent by 2026.

What’s interesting, Heller added, is that none of that money came through the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). “Obviously, HUD continues to play a leading role . . . but all of these sources came through Treasury, and Treasury started to play a significant role in creating guidance around these programs and understanding how to blend and braid and layer this financing with conventional HUD entitlement sources.”

With ARPA funds hitting their obligation deadlines in 2026, Heller said, “the question is what comes next? And the answer is the funds in the Inflation Reduction Act.”

While ARPA funds were very flexible and could be used for a broad range of activities, he said, the IRA funds are funneled through specific programs at different agencies, including the US Department of Energy, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Treasury, as well as HUD.

“They all have different program guidelines, they all have different definitions of things like low-income disadvantaged communities, and so again it falls on cities, states, counties, to figure out how to harness these programs and use them to fill capital gaps for affordable housing, because it’s one-time funding,” he said. But the scale of the funding makes it worth wrestling with the complexity of the programs, he added.

The EPA, for example, has made $27 billion in funding available through three sources: the $7 billion Solar for All program, the $6 billion Clean Communities Investment Accelerator, and the $14 billion National Clean Investment Fund. “The latter two are flowing through awardees which are coalitions of green banks and CDFIs who are developing their product and starting to close loans and get those funds out on the street, and a lot of that is going to affordable housing,” he said.

The Solar for All program works through designated state entities and regional nonprofits, who aren’t as accustomed to housing finance. But Guidehouse has been working with state housing finance agencies to find ways to also tap into these funds, which can be used to help cover costs associated with rooftop solar installations and building electrification, for example.

“There’s a huge opportunity, for not just financing [on-site] energy generation, but also a range of other costs within the projects to get them solar-ready,” he said. “So those are tremendous opportunities for gap financing for affordable housing projects.”

Heller also urged attendees not to overlook home energy rebates from the Department of Energy, even if they’re more commonly associated with single-family homeowners who want to install a heat pump or insulate their attic, for example.

“These are actually huge opportunities for financing affordable multifamily [housing],” he said. “It’s $8.8 billion, and 10 percent of every state’s rebate assistance has to go to low-income multifamily . . . so there’s a huge focus on low-income multifamily, and there’s categorical eligibility for a whole range of subsidized affordable housing programs, including LIHTC, public housing, HUD and FHA multifamily programs, and a variety of others.”

“Then finally there are a range of tax credit programs that were amended through the IRA to make them more flexible and more available for affordable multifamily projects,” he said.

Of course, Heller acknowledged, some of those programs could see cuts or changes in the Trump administration. “There’s uncertainty [about] how that’s going to impact the programs and their guidance and availability moving forward, and I don’t think anybody has the answer on all of that quite yet,” he said. But the administration has shown an interest in financing more affordable housing, so there could be new opportunities as well, he added. “There will continue to be new programs that everyone has to sort of, in real time, figure out how to pivot and harness those funds and get them into projects that need them.”

Where There’s a Way, There’s a Will?

Wrapping up the webinar, Lincoln Institute President and CEO George W. McCarthy reflected on how a huge national challenge—such as building an extra million homes per year on top of the 1.4 million a year we’re already constructing—can feel unassailable. “[And yet] we produced 2.4 million units of housing in 1972—a much smaller economy, a much smaller population,” McCarthy noted. “So it’s not that we can’t do it.”

As the presenters made clear, he said, buildable lots and funding options do exist—it’s a matter of showing people how to put the pieces together. “We have CGS ready to map it out for you, we have R.J. ready to show people how to blend public, private, and civic capital,” he said. “If we have the money, we have the land, we have the financing, what is missing? And what’s missing, of course, is the political will.”

And even that may not be the immovable obstacle it once was. Citing 12 states from across the political spectrum that have stepped in to preempt local zoning “to make sure that it’s possible to build housing where people have been preventing it from being built,” McCarthy said, “it’s not as if we don’t have some kind of bipartisan support for taking this on.”

With the land, money, and knowledge necessary to address our housing shortage, McCarthy concluded, “we just have to summon the real political will to get it done—and that’s a less daunting task than people would have you believe.”


 

Jon Gorey is a staff writer at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

Lead image: The Boston Housing Authority’s Old Colony redevelopment project has used federal funding to convert distressed public housing into safe, affordable, energy-efficient rental units. Credit: Andy Ryan Photography via BHA.

Balancing Act: The Property Tax–School Funding Dilemma

Based on the Policy Focus Report Rethinking the Property Tax–School Funding Dilemma, this explainer video examines the roles of the local property tax and state aid in funding public education. The video traces the history of funding for public schools while exploring the strengths and challenges of these two revenue sources. Property taxes provide local control and stable funding but can lead to inequalities between wealthy and poor districts. State aid helps address these disparities but can be unreliable during economic downturns and has the potential to erode local control. The video emphasizes that combining property taxes with state aid allows for both local control and greater equity, creating a more balanced and effective school funding system to ensure all students have access to a quality education.


Keywords

Local Government, Poverty, Property Taxation

October 8, 2024

By Anthony Flint, October 8, 2024

For those rooting for a rebound for legacy cities, St. Louis has been something of a rollercoaster—from the promising renaissance of its Washington Avenue historic district to the post-Covid downtown doom loop that has seen real estate prices plummet and foot traffic all but disappear.

But the city is still leaning into the idea of a comeback, and is investing hundreds of millions of dollars in federal funding—as well as a one-time windfall of $250 million from the National Football League to compensate for the loss of the Rams in 2016—in city services, job training, and infrastructure.

“In the past three years, we have been laser-focused on doing the nonsexy work to lay the foundation for future growth,” says St. Louis Mayor Tishaura Jones in this episode of the Land Matters podcast. “That is the work within City Hall to make City Hall easier to navigate, easier to participate in, and easier to understand. Then also adding different pieces that are looking to the future.”

St. Louis Mayor Tishaura Jones and Land Matters host Anthony Flint. Credit: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

 

Jones, who was sworn in as the 47th mayor and the first Black female mayor in the city’s history in 2021, is the latest interviewee in the Lincoln Institute’s Mayor’s Desk series of Q&As with municipal chief executives from around the world.

As mayor, Jones has concentrated on economic development, quality of life, and the modernizing of municipal services. Described as a history-maker on a mission, Jones served two terms in the Missouri House of Representatives, was selected as the first African American woman in Missouri history to hold the position of Assistant Minority Floor Leader, and was also the first African American woman to serve as treasurer of St. Louis, a position she held for eight years before becoming mayor.

She holds a bachelor’s degree in finance from Hampton University and a master’s degree in health administration from the Saint Louis University School of Public Health, and is a graduate of the Executives in State and Local Government program at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government.

A lightly edited version of this interview will appear online and in print at Land Lines magazine.

Listen to the show here or subscribe to Land Matters on Apple Podcasts,  Spotify, Stitcher, YouTube, or wherever you listen to podcasts.

 


 

Anthony Flint is a senior fellow at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, host of the Land Matters podcast, and a contributing editor of Land Lines.

 


 

Further reading

St. Louis Mayor Tishaura Jones aims to use a historic windfall to shrink racial disparities. Can she? | Stlmag.com

Mayor Jones calls St. Louis ‘safer, stronger, and healthier’ | STLPR

Is St. Louis’ Transportation Structure Set Up to Sustain its Multimodal Boom? | Streetsblog USA

Reversal of Fortune: A Clean Energy Manufacturing Boom for Legacy Cities | Land Lines

20 Conversations with Local Leaders Solving Global Problems | Lincoln Institute/Columbia University Press

 

 

Members and supporters of the NAACP picket for fair housing in Detroit

Recalculando

Cómo los planificadores se están esforzando para que sus ciudades, y su profesión, sean más equitativas
Por Jon Gorey, October 31, 2023

A veces, los traumas de las comunidades tienen sus orígenes en desastres naturales u otros eventos inesperados. Pero, en las ciudades de los Estados Unidos, gran parte del dolor del último siglo surgió de decisiones planificadas con minuciosidad que se mapearon de forma meticulosa y con antelación.

Avenidas nuevas que dividieron o destrozaron los barrios de comunidades negras y mestizas. Reglas de zonificación racistas que privaron intencionalmente a las personas de color de la propiedad de las viviendas. Una tendencia a considerar que barrios de comunidades negras e inmigrantes, incluso los prósperos, estaban “arruinados” y necesitaban una revitalización mediante demoliciones. Con estas y otras acciones, la profesión de planeamiento urbano contribuyó al racismo sistémico y a la segregación que plaga nuestras ciudades. Pero los planificadores de hoy en día están intentando resarcir tal legado.

Decenas de urbanistas de todo el país firmaron una declaración de “Compromiso con el cambio” que surgió de conversaciones en el Instituto de Directores de Planificación de Grandes Ciudades de 2020, una conferencia anual que organiza el Instituto Lincoln de Políticas de Suelo y que reúne a los mejores planificadores de las 30 ciudades más grandes de los Estados Unidos. “Después del asesinato de George Floyd, realmente se cristalizó que, como personas que tienen un efecto sobre las vidas de la gente, tanto de forma visible como invisible, los planificadores debían estar del lado correcto de la historia”, dice Eleanor Sharpe, vicedirectora de planificación y desarrollo de Filadelfia, sobre todo, dados los “antecedentes de fraude de nuestra profesión”.

La promesa resultante, elaborada por el personal de muchas ciudades y presentada por la ciudad de Filadelfia, tiene dos partes (ver la página 21). “Una es reconocer el daño que nuestra profesión causó, y sigue causando”, dice Sharpe. En Filadelfia, por ejemplo, la construcción de avenidas arrasó o bifurcó vecindarios de comunidades de color como el Barrio Chino o Nicetown, y las prácticas discriminatorias, en las que las entidades crediticias y otros negaron de forma sistemática hipotecas basándose en la raza, dejaron cicatrices al restringir el acceso a una fuente clave de riqueza intergeneracional. “Al mapear los análisis sobre dónde surgen problemas sociales vertiginosamente en nuestra ciudad, la mayoría de estos coincidían con mapas de prácticas discriminatorias de años anteriores”, explica Sharpe. “Décadas más tarde, las prácticas discriminatorias siguen dominando por completo nuestra ciudad”.

La segunda parte de la declaración se centra en el futuro, y compromete a los signatarios a que inviertan en vivienda, espacios abiertos, transporte, justicia medioambiental y servicios públicos, entre otras acciones, “con el objetivo de crear comunidades inclusivas y equitativas”. La promesa también prioriza la preservación y el fortalecimiento de la cultura, los negocios y las instituciones de comunidades de color, y la prevención de desplazamientos causados por inversiones nuevas.

Si bien la promesa pública ha puesto el foco de los planificadores en la equidad racial, las ciudades de todas partes siguen luchando por equiparar el acceso a oportunidades, y los avances en el desmantelamiento de sistemas de inequidad arraigados suelen ser lentos y graduales. Las semillas del racismo sistémico y las inequidades de hoy en día se sembraron décadas atrás, dice Jessie Grogan, directora asociada del sector Menos Pobreza y Desigualdad Espacial del Instituto Lincoln, “y las herramientas que los planificadores tienen en sus manos también demoran décadas . . . no es una profesión que pueda recurrir a parches rápidos”.

Pero, así como el mejor momento para plantar un árbol fue hace 20 años, y el segundo mejor momento es ahora, lo mismo sucede con la planificación de un futuro más justo. Con tal espíritu, aquí se presentan algunos de los caminos en los que los urbanistas están trabajando para restaurar la confianza, corregir equivocaciones históricas y avanzar en la equidad racial en sus ciudades.

Zonificación para la equidad

La crisis de vivienda del país castiga con más fuerza a las personas de bajos ingresos y comunidades de color, que son más propensas a experimentar situaciones de sinhogarismo debido a la escasez de viviendas asequibles. Con relación a esto, la presidenta de la Asociación de Planificación Estadounidense, Angela D. Brooks, dice que las reformas que conducen a más vivienda son cruciales para mejorar la equidad, en parte porque ningún debate sobre equidad tiene sentido para alguien que no tiene dónde vivir. “Es algo que podríamos solucionar con facilidad”, explica, “y el primer paso es decidir crear más unidades de todos los niveles de vivienda, para que las personas tengan un lugar asequible, seguro y decente donde vivir”.

Esa es una razón en la que Emily Liu, directora de la Oficina de Planificación de Louisville Metro, se ha centrado al actualizar las reglas de zonificación de la ciudad. En 2020, Liu y un equipo de planificadores voluntarios y miembros de la comunidad pensaron 46 formas en las que podrían mejorar la equidad en su ciudad; seis de las políticas sobresalieron como “cosas en las que podríamos avanzar rápido”, dice Liu.

Algunos de los esfuerzos iniciales, como permitir la agricultura urbana en cualquier parcela, casi no tuvieron oposición. Pero una propuesta —permitir que los propietarios de viviendas de Louisville construyan departamentos anexos para familiares (in-law) o unidades de vivienda accesorias (ADU, por su sigla en inglés), por derecho— generó algunas resistencias. Organizaciones como la Asociación Estadounidense de Personas Jubiladas (AARP, por su sigla en inglés), la Coalición Metropolitana de Vivienda de los Estados Unidos y la United Way colaboraron para elaborar materiales educativos y artículos de opinión para contrarrestar parte de la información errónea que circulaba en la comunidad, relata Liu, lo que ayudó a que se logre el cambio. “Esto fue, sin duda, algo que no podíamos hacer solos. Hubo mucho apoyo de organizaciones y ciudadanos de afuera”.

En el pasado, para agregar una ADU hubiese sido necesario contar con un permiso de uso condicional; ahora, las unidades accesorias están permitidas por derecho en Louisville, siempre que cumplan con los estándares básicos, y que puedan alquilarse si el propietario vive en el lugar. “La gran mayoría de ellas son aprobadas en la oficina por nuestro personal, y solo toma un día o dos, es muy fácil”, dice Liu, destacando que la ciudad vio un aumento en las solicitudes de ADU en el primer año después de que entrara en vigor el cambio de zonificación.

Liu también logró que los requisitos de retranqueo frontal se reduzcan de entre 8 y 9 metros a 4,5 metros, lo que liberó más espacio para potenciales ADU. Además, presionó para lograr un cambio pequeño pero significativo que permitirá más de un dúplex en parcelas inferiores a 1.500 metros cuadrados, si se zonificaron para uso multifamiliar. Apenas un 6 por ciento de la ciudad está zonificada para viviendas multifamiliares, dice Liu, y entre aquellas parcelas, “10.000 estaban zonificadas para multifamilias en el pasado, pero no se podía construir ni siquiera un dúplex”, porque la parcela no cumplía con los requisitos mínimos.

Esos son solo algunos ejemplos de lo pequeños pero cruciales que pueden ser los cambios de zonificación para abordar la inequidad. La nueva Equity in Zoning Policy Guide (Guía de Equidad en Políticas de Zonificación) de la APA es un recurso fácil de usar que expone decenas de recomendaciones específicas para ayudar a erradicar las inequidades sistemáticas a través de tres aspectos de zonificación: las reglas mismas, las personas involucradas en redactarlas y las formas en que se aplican y se vela su cumplimiento (APA 2023).

“Realmente, se centra en las formas en que el sesgo y los patrones históricos de segregación se refuerzan por medio de la zonificación”, dice Brooks. “Pero también ofrece formas específicas de cambiar el trazado y el compromiso público, el mapeo, e incluso el cumplimiento de las regulaciones de zonificación, para desmantelar las barreras y expandir las oportunidades”.

Otras ciudades, como Mineápolis, Portland y Arlington, Virginia, e incluso algunos estados, como California, Oregón y Maine, lograron aprobar medidas de mejora de la zonificación de gran alcance que permiten ADU o viviendas multifamiliares pequeñas en casi cualquier parcela residencial. Atlanta y Denver, entre otras, también están en proceso de hacer reformas de zonificación de gran envergadura.

El departamento de Liu ahora está trabajando para involucrar y educar a la comunidad en torno a las viviendas intermedias faltantes. Para esto, realiza excursiones a pie, por ejemplo, por los barrios más antiguos de Louisville, y les muestra a los residentes cómo los dúplex y tríplex abundaban en la ciudad antes de que se los erradicara casi por completo después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. “El objetivo es ver dónde podemos permitir esto por derecho”, dice Liu, y destaca que estas viviendas más pequeñas y con mayor densidad “están dando lugar a viviendas asequibles”.

Difusión “incesante”

Los departamentos de planificación también están actuando con mayor determinación para expandir su alcance más allá de los propietarios de viviendas masculinos, blancos, adinerados y de mayor edad que tienden a dominar las sesiones de contribuciones públicas, y ejerciendo una presión coordinada para conectar con residentes que vienen quedando afuera de la conversación.

“Gran parte de esto consiste en ir donde están las personas”, dice la directora de Planificación de Washington, DC, Anita Cozart, y en “insistir” en eso. Esto implica asistir a festivales comunitarios, celebraciones de la cuadra y reuniones de agrupaciones de jóvenes para recopilar información sobre cualquier plan específico en curso o, simplemente, para que las personas sepan cómo involucrarse con el departamento. “Si tenemos una reunión y alguien dice, ‘No sabía que existía este proceso, ¿dónde se divulgó?’”, dice, “llamamos a esa persona y le preguntaremos sobre sus redes”, y sobre la mejor forma de conectarse con él/ella.

Los trabajos de difusión por parte de planificadores de Washington, DC, incluyen la asistencia a eventos vecinales. Crédito: Oficina de Planificación de DC.

 

Por más de una década, Filadelfia ha ofrecido un Instituto de Planificación Ciudadana, en el que se enseña a los residentes sobre el proceso de planificación urbana y sobre cómo pueden formar parte de él, “y, de alguna manera, se lleva ese conocimiento de regreso a los barrios, y se lo aprovecha de una forma que es útil para la comunidad”, Sharpe dice.

El programa se volvió tan popular que el personal no da abasto con la demanda. En la actualidad, existen dos cohortes por año, una sesión de primavera y otra de otoño con más de 30 personas en cada una, pero suelen postularse más de 200 personas.

“Estamos encaminando a la ciudadanía hacia el éxito, le estamos quitando el velo”, dice Sharpe, “para que las personas puedan entender qué está pasando y cómo suceden las cosas en el gobierno”. Las más de 700 personas que integran el alumnado del programa viven en distintas partes de la ciudad y pueden mejorar la comunicación en las reuniones vecinales. “Pueden actuar como nuestros traductores”, añade. “Hay un factor de confianza que no necesariamente existe” entre los residentes y los funcionarios de planificación.

Mientras tanto, a los inquilinos, que, con mayor frecuencia que los propietarios, son personas de color y tienen ingresos bajos, se los ignoró por mucho tiempo en los debates sobre zonificación o desarrollo. Por lo tanto, en Luisville, cuando un proyecto implica una reunión pública, la ciudad ahora exige que los solicitantes notifiquen a los inquilinos cercanos, no solo a los propietarios colindantes. “El propietario puede vivir en California, pero ellos son quienes viven aquí, quienes se verán afectados por los desarrollos propuestos”, dice Liu.

Como inquilina, Brooks está a favor de dichos esfuerzos y dice que las ciudades deberían perseguir otros canales de comunicación también. “En la era de las redes sociales, existen tantas formas de informar a las personas que es irresponsable, e inexcusable, no estar usando formas más creativas”, afirma. “Incluso si fuera propietaria de mi vivienda y me enviaran una carta, existe una probabilidad alta de que no la vea hasta pasada la reunión”.

Aplicar un lente de equidad

Muchas grandes ciudades, incluidas Nueva York y Washington, ahora requieren que las solicitudes de cambio de uso o de desarrollos de otra índole incluyan algún tipo de informe sobre el impacto en la equidad racial. Tal evaluación inyecta una medida de responsabilidad en el proceso que, muy a menudo, se ha pasado por alto, con base en una simple pregunta: ¿el cambio que se propone generará un avance hacia una mejora en la equidad racial, o empeorará las inequidades existentes?

Evaluar los impactos potenciales sobre la equidad racial de los cambios nuevos en materia de urbanización y zonificación como parte de un proceso de planificación oficial es un paso simple pero importante, expresa Grogan. “Asegurarse de que se piense en los impactos de cada proyecto sobre la equidad es una práctica que no necesariament implica costo alguno, y puede sumar mucho valor al trabajo de planificación diario”, explica.

El Departamento de Planificación Urbana de la ciudad de Nueva York se asoció con el Departamento de Desarrollo y Preservación de la Vivienda para crear un Explorador de Datos de Desarrollo Equitativo interactivo que mapea el riesgo de desplazamiento en los barrios y datos desglosados en base a la raza, la seguridad económica, las presiones del mercado de viviendas, las consecuencias sanitarias y otros indicadores clave (Ciudad de Nueva York 2022). Los solicitantes que envían un informe de equidad racial, como se empezó a exigir recientemente, como parte de su revisión de uso del suelo deben citar datos relevantes de la herramienta e incluir una declaración en la que se explique cómo su proyecto y su contexto barrial “se relacionan con el compromiso de la ciudad de favorecer la vivienda justa y fomentar el acceso equitativo a las oportunidades”.

New York City Displacement Risk Map
El Explorador de Datos de Desarrollo Equitativo de la ciudad de Nueva York incluye mapas de riesgo de desplazamiento, consecuencias sanitarias y otros indicadores clave. Crédito: Departamento de Panificación Urbana de la ciudad de Nueva York.

 

En Filadelfia, donde el alcalde Jim Kenney encargó a todos los departamentos de la ciudad que crearan planes de acción de equidad racial, Sharpe dice que la ciudad está intentando incorporar el análisis de la equidad dentro del ciclo presupuestario de los programas de capital, pidiéndoles a las agencias que reciben fondos de capital que expliquen cómo cada dólar contribuirá al racismo sistémico o lo desmantelará. “Estamos intentando incorporarlo con determinación en la cultura y la filosofía de cómo se aborda el trabajo” dice, pero destaca que aún es un trabajo en proceso.

Y en Washignton, DC, los planificadores usan los datos desglosados para evaluar “los beneficios y cargas que podría conllevar un cambio en la zonificación”, explica Cozart, incluido el potencial de desplazamiento. Los planes de áreas barriales pequeñas del Distrito ahora presentan un análisis de “Equity in Place” (Equidad en vigor), que puede informar diferentes prioridades en diferentes barrios (Ciudad de Washington, DC). Por ejemplo, en Chevy Chase, un barrio adinerado y poblado en su mayoría por personas blancas, el plan de áreas pequeñas busca sumar viviendas asequibles especiales y remediar la larga historia de uso discriminatorio del suelo de la zona. En Congress Heights, un barrio con predominio de personas negras que experimenta un aumento del redesarrollo, el foco está en las medidas de resiliencia comunitaria y antidesplazamiento.

“Presentamos preguntas agrupadas, pero se trata de un sector demográfico diferente, así que acabas obteniendo recomendaciones diferentes, sentidos diferentes del esfuerzo de planificación, incluso si estás haciendo las mismas cosas, como desglosar los datos por raza e involucrar a las comunidades que se han marginalizado del proceso”, dice Cozart.

DC Office of Planning Racial Equity Action Plan feedback session
Un residente deja un comentario en una sesión de retroalimentación del Plan de Acción de Equidad Racial en Washington, D. C. Crédito: Oficina de Planificación de DC.

 

Preguntar por qué

Cuando la directora de Planificación de San Diego, Heidi Vonblum, estaba trabajando en la Iniciativa “Build Better SD” (Construir Mejor San Diego), un trabajo para apoyar el desarrollo sostenible y equitativo en toda la ciudad que asumió el concejo municipal en 2022, cuestionó políticas de larga trayectoria a fin de encontrar una razón válida para su existencia. Ella y su personal preguntaban por qué se hacía algo de la forma en que se hacía, y por qué esto y por qué lo otro, y así, hasta que llegaron a la causa fundamental. Espóiler: las historias sobre cómo se originaron algunas políticas, vistas de cerca, se parecían más a la historia de vida de un villano ambicioso que a la de un superhéroe.

“En algunos casos, había sido una buena idea en ese momento, a veces tenía sentido en función de la información que los planificadores tenían a disposición”, dice Vonblum. “Y, en otros, estaba muy mal, y no había ninguna necesidad de perpetuarla”.

Dicha filosofía ayudó al departamento de Vonblum a realizar una serie de cambios, aprobados por el concejo municipal en etapas durante los últimos dos años.

Comenzó con la reescritura de un plan de ordenamiento territorial de parques de casi 70 años de antigüedad, y desafiando lo métodos de participación comunitaria tradicionales que estaban generando opiniones públicas del tipo “lo amamos, no lo cambien, todo está bien”, relata Vonblum. “Lo que fue interesante de la contribución Phase One (Fase uno) es que no todo está bien”.

Así que, además de buscar opiniones de voces no representadas, Vonblum y un puñado de miembros del personal condujeron por San Diego durante la pandemia y documentaron las condiciones profundamente contrastantes de los espacios recreativos de la ciudad en un StoryMap llamado “Una ciudad, dos realidades”, para educar mejor a los grupos vecinales y otras partes interesadas (Ciudad de San Diego 2021). “Algunas partes de nuestra ciudad tienen parques bellos, relucientes y radiantes, y, después, hay otras partes con mucha más gente y más niños y personas ancianas, que tienen un parque, pero muy diferente, o con los juegos del área recreativa rotos, y eso no está bien”.

Two San Diego playgrounds
Durante la pandemia, los planificadores de San Diego documentaron las diferencias entre los parques urbanos, incluidos el Clay Avenue Mini Park (arriba) y Carmel Mountain Ranch Community Park (abajo). Crédito: Departamento de Planificación de San Diego (www.sandiego.gov/buildbettersd).

 

Un aspecto clave de Construir Mejor SD fue cambiar el sistema de recaudación y gasto de las tasas de impactos de desarrollo específicas de cada barrio. Estos impuestos únicos, que los desarrolladores pagan para solventar el costo de la infraestructura municipal y los servicios asociados con el nuevo desarrollo, variaban drásticamente a lo largo de la ciudad, y tenían que gastarse en el barrio donde se habían recaudado. Las tasas de impactos por unidad eran hasta 50 veces más altas en los distritos adinerados, lo que desmotivaba el crecimiento más denso en las áreas pudientes a la vez que concentraba la reinversión en esos mismos lugares. Ahora, la ciudad pasó a tener a una estructura de tasas que abarca a toda la ciudad, en la que las tasas de impactos son las mismas en todos los barrios y las inversiones en infraestructura pueden priorizarse según las áreas con mayor necesidad.

Al principio, algunos cambios no fueron bien recibidos, lo que demandó un par de intentos para ingresar al consejo de la ciudad. Pero sentaron las bases para otras iniciativas impulsadas por la equidad. “El progreso puede ser lento y doloroso, pero avanzamos mucho en tan solo un par de años”, dice Vonblum. “Pasamos de tener conversaciones controversiales y muy difíciles a bum, bum, bum: las acciones están sucediendo ahora mismo”, agrega. “Nos estamos centrando en aumentar el acceso a nuestros recursos costeros y aumentar las conexiones entre las comunidades por medio de un plan de ordenamiento territorial de caminos en toda la ciudad”, así como en desarrollar un plan de ordenamiento territorial para un nuevo parque regional en un barrio desatendido cuyos pedidos de espacios verdes se han cajoneado por 20 años.

Como planificadores, dice Vonblum, “tenemos que aprovechar una oportunidad de decir, ‘Bien, ¿por qué planificamos los parques de esta forma? ¿Por qué recaudamos tasas de impactos de desarrollo de esta forma? ¿Por qué priorizamos las inversiones en infraestructura de esta forma?’ Mientras no lo hagamos, no vamos a ser capaces de realizar ningún progreso para lograr avances en la equidad, avances en las políticas antirracistas y para invertir de forma equitativa en nuestras comunidades”.

Alimentar el suministro de planificadores

En el Instituto de Directores de Planificación de Grandes Ciudades en octubre de 2022, Liu compartió cómo la inspiró la cantidad de diversas mujeres y personas de color en la sala, lo que marcó un gran cambio desde su primer conferencia 10 años atrás, recordó.

Pero, a pesar de ese cambio motivador en la representación en los niveles más altos, la profesión sigue teniendo una mayoría blanca. Con la mirada puesta en la construcción de una profesión que refleje mejor a la población a la que brinda servicios, Sharpe y otros planificadores aprovechan cada oportunidad para estimular la planificación en las personas jóvenes de color.

“Nuestro personal está siempre entusiasmado y haciendo trabajo voluntario en los colegios primarios y secundarios, porque muchos de los planificadores se enteraron de esto tarde en la vida, y queremos decir, ‘Ey, aquí hay una profesión legítima que pueden realizar, sobre todo, si quieren ayudar a su barrio’”, dice Sharpe. “Está abasteciendo la cadena de suministro, así que, con suerte, en 10 años, si más personas escuchan hablar de esto, entonces el proceso dejará de generar una mayoría de personas blancas”.

Cozart y su equipo realizan trabajos similares en los alrededores de Washington. “Hemos estado visitando a los estudiantes de las escuelas secundarias simplemente para hablar sobre la planificación e involucrarlos en el mapeo, para involucrarlos en el análisis de datos que los planificadores usan, y para realmente pensar sobre el diseño, el diseño de comunidades y qué espacios los favorecerán”, explica.

Después de todo, Cozart agrega, dadas las líneas de tiempo de 10 y 20 años de la mayoría de los barrios y los planes integrales, esos estudiantes de secundario pueden ser quienes conviertan las recomendaciones de hoy en día en una realidad más equitativa mañana.

DC Office of Planning youth workshop participants
Un taller para jóvenes en Congress Heights organizado por la Oficina de Planificación de Washington, D. C. En el evento, se introdujo a los participantes en la planificación urbana y se les dio la oportunidad de compartir sus sueños para el vecindario. Crédito: Oficina de Planificación de Washington, D. C.

 


Jon Gorey es escritor de planta del Instituto Lincoln de Políticas de Suelo.

Imagen principal: Miembros y simpatizantes del piquete de la Asociación Nacional para el Progreso de las Personas de Color (NAACP, por sus siglas en inglés) contra la discriminación en la vivienda en Detroit en 1963. Crédito: Fotografía del personal de Detroit News/Biblioteca Walter P. Reuther, Archivos de asuntos urbanos y laborales, Universidad Estatal de Wayne.

 


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Creating Community Wealth Through Homeownership

By Jon Gorey, August 14, 2024

Two years ago, the Port of Greater Cincinnati Development Authority pulled off something of a municipal miracle. The agency learned that almost 200 corporate-owned houses in Cincinnati were in receivership and up for sale. Rather than forever forfeit all that single-family housing to yet another institutional investor, the Port launched a bold bid to purchase the homes, with the goal of fixing them up and creating affordable homeownership opportunities for the existing tenants and other Cincinnati residents.

Well into the project, the Port would discover that many of the 194 houses it had purchased were in worse condition than expected, and dozens were vacant. “When we bought the portfolio, we thought there were only going to be 10 vacant, but 60 were vacant, and those were in really bad shape,” says Laura Brunner, the Port’s president and CEO. “So that’s where we’ve been focusing our capital investment, getting those homes ready to sell.”

The Port has now started selling the first of those fixed-up homes—19 of them so far—at affordable prices, to owner-occupants who earn less than 120 percent of the Area Median Income (AMI). The agency also helped stabilize the housing situations of the 130 or so renters in the other properties, addressing a backlog of hundreds of repair requests, helping tenants get current on their rent, and offering them free homebuying and financial literacy education.

Given the state of the houses, repairs and essential upgrades have cost more than double what the Port expected—averaging $96,000 per house so far, compared to a projected $40,000. But the agency has been able to make up the difference with grants so it can still sell the homes affordably, at cost. Unlike a house flipper, the Port only needs to break even to fulfill its debt obligations, not turn a profit.

In reclaiming rental houses from institutional landlords and converting them into homeownership opportunities, the Port is helping low- and moderate-income residents build generational wealth. And the agency’s approach is supporting sustainable growth in other areas of the local economy, too.

Spreading the Wealth

While homeownership itself has historically been an engine of wealth creation for millions of Americans, the real estate market is also a massive driver of economic activity in a community. New homebuyers tend to also buy new home goods, from dishes to lawn mowers, and a whole suite of local service providers participate in a home purchase, from appraisers to contractors.

So as the Port rehabs and sells what it calls its CARE (Creating Affordable Real Estate) Portfolio, it’s been very intentional about involving local businesses throughout the process.

Before and after images of homes in the Cincinnati portfolio. The Port has invested nearly $100,000 per house in upgrades to 19 properties. Credit: Port of Cincinnati.

 

 

“We’ve been really conscientious in our contracting to use small minority- and women-owned businesses,” Brunner says. With the cost of renovations averaging almost $100,000 per house, “the project size is perfect to really help grow and scale a small business. . . .And we’re not just giving them a contract and hoping they do a good job; we’re doing some technical assistance along the way to help them scale and grow their businesses sustainably.”

Rather than list the homes through an internal real estate agent, as it has historically done to save costs, the Port has partnered with Black-owned brokerages through the Greater Cincinnati Realtist Association (GCRA) to handle at least a quarter of the sales. The Port pays agents a standard commission, which adds some costs, but is essentially just another expenditure supporting local small businesses, Brunner says. “It’s helping to grow the whole ecosystem.”

The GCRA is a local chapter of the National Association of Real Estate Brokers, the oldest and largest African American trade organization in the country. “Prior to 1962, African Americans were not allowed to be members of NAR, the National Association of Realtors—or to even be called a Realtor, because that’s a trademarked name,” says Marcus Parrish, president of the GCRA. So in 1947, a group of 12 Black brokers, including Cincinnati hotelier Horace Sudduth, formed their own real estate organization, NAREB, whose agents would be called Realtists. “Our mission is democracy in housing—representing the underserved and providing education and resources,” Parrish says.

Only a quarter of Black households own their home in Cincinnati—less than half the homeownership rate of the city’s white families—and both the Port and Parrish hope that converting investor-owned rental units to affordable homeownership opportunities can help close that gap. “The Cincinnati market is just as challenging as any other market in the nation,” Parrish says. “Low housing inventory just creates a challenge for anybody who’s purchasing, but specifically for our first-time homebuyers and our Black and brown communities.”

A GCRA selection committee chose a handful of Realtists to handle the Port listings, although Parrish and other board members listed the very first batch of CARE portfolio houses themselves so they could get a feel for the process and work through any kinks. Buyers need to prove their income eligibility, and the houses include a deed restriction that prevents owners from reselling them for the first five years.

As for the renovations, the Port isn’t trying to chase HGTV trends or install high-end finishes, Parrish says; they’re focused on making the homes safe, efficient, and functional for first-time buyers. “I listed and sold two of those properties, and for the most part, the updates and rehabs have been good,” Parrish says. “If it needs a new furnace, needs new central air, if the roof is beyond repair, they’re going to do that.”

Early this year, Parrish sold a Port-rehabbed house at its list price of $165,000, and he recalls the ripple effects of the sale: The mortgage lender at First Financial Bank, who helped the Latino homebuyers get a five-figure down payment grant, also belonged to the GCRA, and so did the title company representative. “Everyone involved in the process was a member of our organization,” Parrish says.

That’s important, because Black brokers, agents, and appraisers are underrepresented (and often underpaid) in the real estate industry. Nationally, only 6 percent of real estate agents are Black; less than 2 percent of appraisers identify as Black. “The main thing is, you want to have representation, so the push is to get more African Americans in the real estate profession,” Parrish says.

Rent, Renovate, Replicate

While it renovates vacant houses, the Port is also acting as a landlord for over 100 households. The agency holds its contractors to high standards and offers technical assistance to ensure they succeed; it’s also been careful in its hiring practices.

Brunner says the Port was very close to signing a contract with one property management company until a company representative referred to the renters as “these people,” a rhetorical red flag. “That’s obviously coded for the kind of practices we’re trying to fight against—that ‘these people’ are not trustworthy, just assuming the worst,” Brunner says. “We had to have somebody that we could trust.” They hired a different firm.

In addition to addressing hundreds of repairs that the corporate landlord had ignored, the Port has helped dozens of tenants catch up on back rent—some of them were over a year behind. “We were successful in working with our local community action agency to secure ARPA funding to bring 60 of them current,” Brunner says, adding that “there’s a whole psychological benefit to knowing you’re current. We’ve got a good collection record now, after people were able to kind of wipe the slate clean with grants.”

The Port also hired a local nonprofit called Working in Neighborhoods to offer financial literacy training and first-time homebuyer classes to interested tenants. Many of the renters still lack the financial stability needed to buy a home, and some have been hesitant to engage with these resources. But about 60 of them have participated in the classes, and that’s helping to create a pipeline of potential buyers. “We’ve got maybe half a dozen who will be ready [to purchase a home] in the next six months, and half a dozen who’ll be ready in the next year,” Brunner says.

Even if it takes longer than expected to convert existing renters into homeowners, what the Port has accomplished is remarkable, says Robert ‘R.J.’ McGrail, senior fellow at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy and director of its Accelerating Community Investment initiative.

One of the neighborhoods where the Port purchased houses. The Port is renovating and selling some of the homes in its portfolio, and acting as the landlord for more than 100 others. Credit: Port of Cincinnati.

 

“These are largely stabilized rental households now, and that is an extraordinary public policy outcome,” he says. Selling the rehabbed homes has enabled the Port to pay the debt service on its bonds, buying itself more time to move existing tenants along a track to homeownership. “It’s just win, win, win across the continuum of policy outcomes that you’d like to see from a financial intervention like this.”

Proof of Concept

Could the Port’s approach be replicated elsewhere? “Technically, transactionally, yes,” McGrail says. “There are debt-issuing authorities in other cities that have the powers to execute a financing transaction like this. There are fewer that have the rest of the Port’s powers around taxes and around landholding; they’re also a land bank, so they’re more empowered than your typical municipal financing-only entity. They can do it all in house.”

The Port also had plenty of previous experience hiring construction crews and managing properties, primarily for commercial properties. “That set of tools—the financing, the property management, plus the redevelopment expertise—is a unique set of competencies to have under one roof,” McGrail acknowledges, but there’s no reason this strategy couldn’t be replicated by a more typical financing entity working with civic and nonprofit partners. “You don’t need the one-stop shop to do this. You just need the will to tell three shops to do it together.”

Brunner says the Port has proven that the approach can be replicated and scaled. “We’ve shown that we can recover our costs, that you can buy a house, fix it up, and sell it for what you put into it,” she says. “We’ve established that, even in these poor neighborhoods, there is a market for ownership. And we’ve proven that, even with the highest interest rates in 20 years, many people can still own a home with a lower mortgage payment than what their rent was.”

What’s more, Brunner insists, it must be replicated. “We can all agree that our racial wealth gap is one of the biggest problems in our country,” Brunner says. “We can all agree that homeownership is the most direct way to increase wealth. So how can we not play whatever role we possibly can to make that possible for more people?”

Beyond the economics, she says, “there’s a moral imperative, for those of us in this country who can, to fight back against these institutional investors. It’s not a little thing, just every here and there a bad actor as a property owner; it’s become an epidemic. We cannot just give up on all these poor to moderate-income neighborhoods, and wipe out that potential of first-time ownership, largely for our Black and brown communities. We have to fight back.”

 


Jon Gorey is a staff writer at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

Lead image: The Port of Cincinnati bought 194 homes formerly owned by institutional investors in neighborhoods across the city. Credit: Port of Cincinnati.

Partial definition of the word land on a dictionary page
President's Message

Momentos de definición en la política de suelo

Por George W. McCarthy, October 31, 2023

Podemos rastrear los orígenes del Instituto Lincoln hasta un encuentro fortuito entre un inventor de Cleveland, un industrialista y un arrollador economista político en la década de 1890. John C. Lincoln, un ingeniero que inventó las soldadoras de arco, los motores eléctricos de alto torque, los sistemas de freno para tranvías, e incluso un auto eléctrico, se vio movilizado por el relato apasionado de Henry George sobre la terquedad de la pobreza urbana de cara a la riqueza sin precedentes generada por la Revolución Industrial. Así fue que Lincoln dedicó años de su vida, y gran parte de su fortuna, a fomentar las ideas de George para la mejora social.

George demostró de forma persuasiva y convincente que la pobreza era el resultado de injusticias en términos de distribución. El crecimiento económico estaba beneficiando a las personas indebidas. Los propietarios holgazanes podían sentarse a mirar cómo el valor de sus tierras crecía de forma exponencial, mientras que, a la clase productiva, tanto a la mano de obra como al sector del capital, se le imponían impuestos para apoyar al gobierno. George propuso reemplazar los impuestos a los ingresos y las empresas por un nuevo impuesto que expropiaba la plusvalía del suelo de sus propietarios. Calculó que la renta generada por impuestos territoriales sería suficiente para eliminar la pobreza y para financiar al gobierno.

Dada su propia inclinación hacia la justicia social, la ética, la eficiencia y la imparcialidad básica, a John Lincoln esta disposición le resonó. Pero el fracaso de las propuestas de políticas de George para obtener algún tipo de adhesión política lo desconcertó. Una razón que pudo observar fue que el análisis y las conclusiones de George no recibieron una aceptación académica general. Francamente, excepto por un puñado de universidades como Columbia, UC–Berkeley o la Universidad de Chicago, el trabajo de George se marginalizó, si es que se enseñó. Nunca se consideró como un componente troncal de la formación de economistas o politólogos. Para remediar esto, Lincoln decidió crear la Fundación Lincoln y asociarse con universidades para establecer programas sobre economía de suelo y tributación. Y eso es lo que la Fundación Lincoln hizo desde 1946 hasta 1974.

En 1974, el hijo de John, David C. Lincoln, examinó detenidamente el impacto de los esfuerzos de la fundación por difundir la economía del suelo y la tributación en los ámbitos de la economía y las ciencias políticas. Fue una gran decepción. Los programas respaldados con los recursos de la fundación eran efímeros y la economía del suelo seguía siendo una especialización en unas pocas universidades. Decidió intentar un abordaje nuevo y estableció el Instituto Lincoln de Políticas de Suelo para poner la investigación y formación bajo nuestra propia ala. Y David dejó bien en claro algo que repetía a menudo: “El trabajo de Henry George no se trataba de fomentar los impuestos territoriales, sino de eliminar la pobreza”. Por lo tanto, el Instituto Lincoln se fundó sobre la noción de que la política de suelo no era un fin, sino un medio para solucionar desafíos ambientales, sociales y económicos de mayor envergadura.

Con tal claridad, lo que siguió tuvo efectos cuantificables de inmediato. En la década de 1980, la llegada del abogado y conservacionista de Boston, Kingsbury Browne, como integrante del Instituto Lincoln provocó la creación de una red nacional de conservación del suelo privado que se expandió por todo el territorio de los Estados Unidos. Hoy en día, los miembros de la Land Trust Alliance, una organización que evolucionó a partir del trabajo de Browne, han protegido más de 23 millones de hectáreas de suelo privado a perpetuidad en los Estados Unidos. En la década de 1990, el Instituto Lincoln inventó un avalúo masivo asistido por computadora. Ahora, los gobiernos locales de todas partes usan los sistemas construidos sobre dicho legado. En la década del 2000, nuevos programas internacionales de América Latina respaldaron, evaluaron y documentaron modernas herramientas y técnicas de recuperación de plusvalías del suelo. Decenas de países y miles de jurisdicciones hoy están estudiando formas de usar estas herramientas para movilizar su propia renta pública. En la década de 2010, el Instituto Lincoln se globalizó, y estableció una Red Internacional de Conservación del Suelo para promover la conservación del suelo privado y compartir nuestro trabajo a escala global en lugares como Habitat III.

Este es un punto importante (y sé que demoré en llegar al grano): logramos décadas de trabajo significativo a pesar de que no podíamos definir con facilidad la disciplina en la que operamos. Durante los últimos años, intentamos rectificar eso. Esta primavera, la junta y la gerencia del Instituto Lincoln intentaron definir con eficacia el concepto de política de suelo. Con “eficacia”, quiero decir claridad, fácil comprensión y eficiencia. La tarea nos resultó tan abrumadora que incluso le pedimos ayuda a la inteligencia artificial. En la columna que escribí en abril, compartí nuestros desafíos y les pedí ayuda. Les pedí que enviaran sus mejores definiciones de política de suelo y ofrecí un premio.

Me complace informar que recibimos muchas respuestas de todo tipo, desde artísticas hasta teológicas. Llegaron desde cuatro continentes, y la más lejana fue de Nueva Zelanda. Provinieron, sobre todo, de personas individuales, pero también hubo un esfuerzo grupal de una red de 40 profesionales de América Latina. Su extensión varió de 12 a 548 palabras. Yo mismo envié mi propia definición. Si le interesa leerlas a todas, las encontrará en www.lincolninst.edu/land-policy-reader-submissions.

Si bien los miembros del jurado quedaron muy sorprendidos con el alcance y la creatividad de las respuestas, temo que tengo noticias desalentadoras para quienes sean luditas: consideraron que no superamos al bot de la inteligencia artificial (IA). A modo de recordatorio, esta es la definición de 85 palabras que nos ofreció ChatGPT:

Las políticas de suelo se refieren a las normas y regulaciones que rigen el uso, la propiedad y la gestión del suelo. Implican una toma de decisiones sobre cómo debe utilizarse el suelo, quién debe tener acceso a él y qué actividades se permiten en él. Las políticas de suelo pueden concernir una amplia gama de temas, desde la urbanización y la conservación medioambiental hasta los derechos de propiedad y la equidad social. Su objetivo es equilibrar los intereses de diferentes partes interesadas y garantizar que el suelo se utilice de maneras que beneficien a toda la sociedad.

Eso no significa, sin embargo, que no se merezcan elogios. A la vista de los miembros del jurado, la mejor respuesta fue la de Harvey Jacobs:

La política de suelo consiste en reglas, la cultura que subyace a dichas reglas y las expectativas sociales respecto del uso del suelo. Reúne al gobierno, el mercado y los actores privados. Tiene resultados formales e informales. Los resultados formales suelen ser planes, regulaciones y programas. Los resultados informales suelen ser patrones socialmente aceptados relacionados con el modo en que se debe utilizar el suelo y nuestro comportamiento respecto al suelo.

La respuesta más ahorrativa fue un haiku escrito por PD Blumenthal:

Usar, controlar, compartir suelo
Proteger la tierra, el agua y el aire
Para beneficiarnos todos

Y la respuesta más creativa fue un poema titulado A More Stealthy Georgist Cat (Un gato georgista más sigiloso), de David Harold Chester. Es muy largo para republicarlo aquí, pero puede verse en www.lincolninst.edu/land-policy-reader-submissions.

La respuesta más concisa fue la de Ben Brown:

La política de suelo es un conjunto de reglas a través de las que el gobierno formaliza el pensamiento ilusorio de responder a demandas enfrentadas de uso del suelo en un futuro que es inevitable e incierto.

A pesar de que no superamos a la inteligencia artificial, estoy muy feliz con el resultado del ejercicio. Confirma un par de cuestiones importantes. Primero, la política de suelo tiene un alcance amplio, y toca muchos aspectos de la vida. Viéndolo así, quizás está bien que eluda definiciones sencillas. Segundo, es posible pasar años haciendo algo que no se puede explicar con facilidad. Supongo que los expertos en políticas de suelo no son las únicas personas que no pueden explicar en reuniones familiares lo que hacen exactamente.

Se me ocurre que el problema puede ser taxonómico. En la taxonomía, puede ser más difícil definir una clasificación que dar un ejemplo de algo que está dentro de esa clasificación. En lo que a mi vida respecta, jamás puedo recordar las diferencias entre clase, orden, familia, género o especie, pero bajo presión puedo dar un ejemplo de cada término.

Al final, les voy a dar a todas las personas que participaron en la competencia un libro de su elección de nuestra impresionante biblioteca de publicaciones sobre políticas de suelo que está en constante expansión. Además, a cada uno de los autores de las cuatro respuestas distinguidas arriba les regalaré cinco libros de su elección.

Fue un ejercicio maravilloso y apreciamos el pensamiento y la creatividad puestos en todas las entregas. Valoramos aún más su cooperación como cuerpo colegiado y nos sentimos honrados de compartir este esfuerzo difícil de definir con todos ustedes. Lo que comenzó con un encuentro casual entre un arrollador reformador y un inventor más de un siglo atrás tiene incluso más relevancia hoy en día: encontrar respuestas en el suelo para mejorar la calidad de vida.

 


Crédito: Devonyu vía iStock/Getty Images Plus.

In Bogotá, Gender Equity Is All Part of the Plan

By Jon Gorey, July 18, 2024

When Claudia López took office as Bogotá’s first elected female mayor and first openly gay mayor in January of 2020, she had big plans for the Colombian capital—literally.

Chief among her campaign pledges was a promise to finally update the city’s master plan, or Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial (POT), a long-overdue goal that had eluded her predecessors for nearly two decades. López was also determined to address the city’s social debts to women and children, and to produce climate and mobility plans that would advance urban greening efforts and restart progress on the city’s metro system as part of a multimodal public transportation strategy.

Just weeks later, those ambitions took a backseat as a deadly pandemic swept the world, plunging Bogotá and so many other cities into a state of health and economic emergency.

In a matter of months, unemployment and extreme poverty tripled, wiping out two decades of socioeconomic progress. “Nobody wants to be in charge during such a crisis—it’s a nightmare, and it’s hard to do,” says López, who was term-limited out of office in 2023 and is now a 2024 Advanced Leadership Initiative fellow at Harvard University. “But every crisis opens up opportunities that were not there before.”

A citywide sense of solidarity in the face of those punishing pandemic impacts ultimately helped López galvanize support for her updated POT. And embedded within that plan was a simple yet revolutionary idea to improve gender equality—quickly, dramatically, and for years to come.

Caring About Caregivers

In 2020, Bogotá began to build a network of neighborhood Care Blocks (Manzanas del Cuidado). These facilities provide an array of services for nearby caregivers, most of whom are women, including access to free, professional care for their dependents—children, ailing elders, relatives with disabilities—and opportunities to take part in education, counseling, training, or wellness programs. While they are intentionally located in walkable areas, the city has also provided Care Buses for those who live farther away.

The Manitas Care Block in Ciudad Bolívar opened in 2020, the first of more than 20 new facilities in the city designed to provide services for caregivers. Credit: LLANOFOTOGRAFIA (www.llanofotografia.com).

 

The underlying idea, initially conceived by Diana Rodríguez Franco, the city’s former secretary for women’s affairs, was to offer much needed relief, respect, and opportunity for the caregivers whose invisible labor keeps the rest of the city running.

Thirty percent of women in Bogotá, 1.2 million people, are full-time caregivers who average 10 hours a day of unpaid labor. Most live in poverty and haven’t had a chance to pursue an education beyond primary school or start a career, denying them the opportunity for economic autonomy.

“That, in Bogotá, seems normal, because of religion, machismo, cultural norms,” López says. “It’s so ingrained in society that this overburden is normal. So [we are] saying, ‘That’s not normal. That is not ethically normal, it’s not socially normal, it cannot be economically normal—it’s actually counterproductive for society that we lose 52 percent of the labor force. So we’re going to change that.’”

Colombia had passed a first-of-its-kind law in 2010 requiring the government to track the economic value of unpaid care work, finding that the care economy represents 20 percent of the nation’s gross domestic product. A later Oxfam study estimated that, if women received even minimum wage for unpaid care work globally, it would amount to $10.8 trillion a year. “We are the basic economic sector that allows all the other economic sectors to function,” López says.

The crisis of the pandemic quickly brought even greater attention to the importance of caregivers, as offices and other formal workplaces shut down, the city’s informal economy ground to a halt, and children stayed home for remote learning. “We went from 900 or 1,000 full-time caregivers to 1.2 million full-time caregivers in four months,” says María-Mercedes Jaramillo, former secretary of planning for Bogotá and a 2024 Loeb Fellow at the Harvard University Graduate School of Design. “So this issue became very tangible.”

Planning and implementing a citywide caregiver support system without an existing model to work from—translating an abstract idea into physical reality—wasn’t easy. But López, Jaramillo, and Franco worked to get the entire city government behind the program. “And when the first Care Block actually got functional,” Jaramillo says, “it really changed, in a very concrete way, the lives of the women who were able to go there.”

Care, There, Everywhere

The Manitas Care Block was the first to open, in the fall of 2020, in Ciudad Bolívar—a low-income neighborhood in the hills of south Bogotá. Laura Mullahy, senior program manager at the Lincoln Institute, says she was “extremely impressed” when she visited the facility this spring as part of a Lincoln Institute course on urban finance and land policy.

“We took the TransMiCable gondola to get there,” Mullahy says, referring to the public cable-car system that connects the steep hillside neighborhoods of Ciudad Bolívar to the city’s bus rapid transit network kilometers below. “Passengers get on and off the gondolas on one floor of the building, and downstairs is the area where government services are offered.”

In addition to professionally provided care and recreational programs for children, elders, and people with disabilities, the free services available to caregivers include medical consultations, legal and psychological counseling, fitness and yoga classes, and educational opportunities. There are even certificate programs for caregivers, intended to formally recognize and elevate the role’s societal status and to train more men in the practice.

 

Bogotá’s network of Care Blocks is designed to be walkable from most neighborhoods, but Care Buses are available for those who live on the outskirts of the city. Credit: City of Bogotá Secretary for Women’s Affairs.

 

Available services also include “a community laundry, a computer center, and urban agriculture,” Mullahy says. “The menu of educational offerings is expansive; a few examples are flexible classes to earn high school degrees, job-oriented training, and financial education oriented toward purchasing a home.”

Nearly 50,000 people live in close proximity to the Manitas Care Block, including 5,416 female caregivers—but it’s not just women who benefit. The facility also serves the neighborhood’s 3,838 children under five years old, 3,516 elderly residents, and 2,448 people with disabilities.

Mullahy was also impressed by the employees she spoke to. “They were extremely passionate about their work—and in general, there was a palpable sense of pride in the Care Blocks, both from the staff and the community,” she says. “We were told that vandalism of both the Care Blocks and the associated transportation infrastructure is very low because the community values the system so much.”

Indeed, the Care Blocks have proven immensely popular, even among the politicians who campaigned to succeed López as mayor. And because the Care system is written into the POT, the master plan guiding the city’s urban development through 2035, its impact will outlast any one mayoral term.

All Part of the Plan

As of June, 23 Care Blocks were operating throughout Bogotá. More than 400,000 residents have received free services, including more than 800 women who have completed their high school diploma. The POT includes budgeting and specific plans to establish 22 more locations by 2035. “It’s not cosmetic, it’s really structural,” Jaramillo says. “The Care Blocks are not a marginal thing in the land use plan.”

López uses a more domestic metaphor: “It’s not just the cherry on the cake, it’s actually a strong part of the cake,” she says. “The Care Blocks are just one aspect of a new epistemology of the city, where we have been introducing a different perspective: the perspective of the oppressed. Except that the oppressed are the majority—more than 50 percent of the population.”

Embedding a social program into the master planning process “is very innovative—it’s a brand-new model,” says Anaclaudia Rossbach, the Lincoln Institute’s outgoing director of programs for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and soon-to-be executive director of UN-Habitat. “They are on the frontier of master plans—I think it’s something that the Global South can contribute to the Global North and to other areas.”

It also cemented into place a long-absent feminist perspective on development. “The cities that we have were not planned by, with, and for women,” Rossbach notes. “Incorporating the Care Blocks into the master plan means incorporating a strong gender perspective about the use of space, and it institutionalizes this social policy.”

Rossbach sees hope in the way Bogotá has successfully put abstract principles into practice. “It’s easy to say we need to plan cities so that they work better for women. But the how is more difficult,” she says. “With the case of Bogotá and the Care Blocks, we have a very concrete example that can inspire other cities. And it can also inspire cities to understand that they can be creative in their own way—that they can create something totally different.”

 


Jon Gorey is a staff writer at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

Lead image:
Caption: Former Bogotá Mayor Claudia López, in light purple, celebrates with caregivers who have completed educational programs offered through the city’s Care Blocks. Credit: City of Bogotá Secretary for Women’s Affairs via Instagram.

Reclaiming Black-Owned Land

June 17, 2024

By Anthony Flint, June 17, 2024

 

As the nation marks Juneteenth—the now national holiday observed on June 19th, commemorating the day in 1865 that the last enslaved people were freed in the United States following President Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation—the issue of land and property ownership in communities of color continues to be problematic.

President Lincoln’s policy of awarding “40 acres and a mule” to the formerly enslaved was rescinded by successor Andrew Johnson. Following that, in many instances what land African Americans were able to acquire and maintain became subject to improper seizures or lost in a muddle of legal failings in transfers and inheritances.

According to the American Bar Association, Black Americans owned around 14 million acres of land by 1910, considered the peak of Black land ownership in the United States. But by 2022, that number had dropped to 1.1 million acres—a 90 percent decline, with a cumulative loss of about $326 billion in value. The difficulties in maintaining land ownership, combined with exclusionary zoning, redlining, and discriminatory real estate practices, has deprived communities of color of the opportunity to build wealth for decades.

“Core to being an American is freedom, and the freedom to own property is part of that,” says Mavis Gragg, a self-described “death and dirt” attorney who helps individuals and families maintain real estate through inheritance, in this episode of the Land Matters podcast. “Everything that occurred with the ending of slavery wasn’t just about race and oppressing people of color. It was also a lot about money and growing wealth, but . . . mostly for white people.”

 

Heirs property attorney Mavis Gragg. Credit: Courtesy photo.

 

Gragg, who founded the organization HeirShares to leverage technology to clarify legal pathways to maintaining or reclaiming land, works with families who don’t have a legal determination of ownership—a major issue for not only preserving generational wealth but also getting access to financing, services, and eligibility for disaster relief or agricultural programs.

Reclaiming land has been equally challenging, though awareness is increasing with cases like Bruce’s Beach in California—a waterfront resort owned by the Bruce family until 1924, when the city of Manhattan Beach seized it using eminent domain. The city claimed it needed the land for a park, but the racist motivations behind the decision were ultimately revealed; the return of the land to the family in 2022 was seen as a landmark case for improperly seized property.

 

Officials in Manhattan Beach, California, seized Bruce’s Beach from its Black owners in the 1920s. Los Angeles County returned the land to the family in 2022 with an option to sell it back, which the family later chose to do. Credit: Los Angeles County.

 

As Gragg notes, “They even found documents from the local government in which actors were basically describing their own racist acts. They literally were speaking to end this couple’s ability to own that property, and it wasn’t because of a public good. It’s in writing. I think that case was wonderful in terms of bringing that visibility and seeing that, yes, governments do that. That was a while ago, but we still see that stuff happening today, unfortunately, where local government actors, whether they’re in the court system or the tax office, are still doing things that are pretty bad.”

The Bruce’s Beach case is also revealing in “understanding wealth in America, because the Bruces acquired that property around the same time that the Hiltons began the Hilton, the hotel of their empire. I’m using Hilton as a comparison, considering that the Bruces were in the hospitality industry with their land. They were using it to support recreation and gathering and so forth in Manhattan Beach. What if the Bruces had been successful in retaining ownership of their property, and their empire, so to speak, bloomed from the early 1900s to the present day? Could you imagine?”

Mavis Gragg has had two decades of experience in real estate, conflict resolution, estate planning, and probate. She has presented to a variety of audiences, from MIT to the Yale School of Forestry to the National Press Foundation, and contributed a chapter on preventing and resolving heirs property legal issues to the recently published book Heirs’ Property and the Uniform Partition of Heirs Property Act: Challenges, Solutions, and Historic Reform, coedited by McCarthur genius grant awardee Thomas W. Mitchell of Boston College. This summer she concluded a year as a Loeb Fellow at the Harvard University Graduate School of Design.

You can listen to the show and subscribe to Land Matters on Apple Podcasts,  Spotify, Stitcher, YouTube, or wherever you listen to podcasts.

 


 

Anthony Flint is a senior fellow at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, host of the Land Matters podcast, and a contributing editor of Land Lines.

Lead image: Mavis Gragg speaks at Stagville, a former plantation in North Carolina. Credit: Courtesy photo.

 


 

Further reading

The Truth Behind ’40 Acres and a Mule’ | PBS

Heirs’ Property and Its Effects on Black Land Ownership in Cities | National League of Cities

Think Land Policy Is Unrelated to Racial Injustice? Think Again. | Land Lines

Advocates push nationwide movement for land return to Blacks after victory in California | The Washington Post

Five Ways Urban Planners Are Addressing a Legacy of Inequity | Land Lines

Gaining Ground | PBS

Fellowships

Premio Lincoln al periodismo sobre políticas urbanas, desarrollo sostenible y cambio climático 2024

Submission Deadline: August 9, 2024 at 11:59 PM

El Lincoln Institute of Land Policy convoca a periodistas de toda América Latina a participar del concurso “Premio Lincoln al periodismo sobre políticas urbanas, desarrollo sostenible y cambio climático”, dirigido a estimular trabajos periodísticos de investigación y divulgación que cubran temas relacionados con políticas de suelo y desarrollo urbano sostenible. El premio está dedicado a la memoria de Tim Lopes, periodista brasileño asesinado mientras hacía investigación para un reportaje sobre las favelas de Rio de Janeiro.  

Convocamos a periodistas de toda América Latina a participar de este concurso. Recibimos postulaciones para el premio hasta el 9 de agosto de 2024. Para ver detalles sobre la convocatoria vea el botón “Guía/Guidelines” o el archivo a continuación titulado “Guía/Guidelines“. 


Details

Submission Deadline
August 9, 2024 at 11:59 PM
Related Links

Keywords

Climate Mitigation, Housing, Planning, Poverty, Water