Topic: Recuperación de plusvalías

Partial definition of the word land on a dictionary page
Mensaje del presidente

Momentos de definición en la política de suelo

Por George W. McCarthy, Octubre 31, 2023

Podemos rastrear los orígenes del Instituto Lincoln hasta un encuentro fortuito entre un inventor de Cleveland, un industrialista y un arrollador economista político en la década de 1890. John C. Lincoln, un ingeniero que inventó las soldadoras de arco, los motores eléctricos de alto torque, los sistemas de freno para tranvías, e incluso un auto eléctrico, se vio movilizado por el relato apasionado de Henry George sobre la terquedad de la pobreza urbana de cara a la riqueza sin precedentes generada por la Revolución Industrial. Así fue que Lincoln dedicó años de su vida, y gran parte de su fortuna, a fomentar las ideas de George para la mejora social.

George demostró de forma persuasiva y convincente que la pobreza era el resultado de injusticias en términos de distribución. El crecimiento económico estaba beneficiando a las personas indebidas. Los propietarios holgazanes podían sentarse a mirar cómo el valor de sus tierras crecía de forma exponencial, mientras que, a la clase productiva, tanto a la mano de obra como al sector del capital, se le imponían impuestos para apoyar al gobierno. George propuso reemplazar los impuestos a los ingresos y las empresas por un nuevo impuesto que expropiaba la plusvalía del suelo de sus propietarios. Calculó que la renta generada por impuestos territoriales sería suficiente para eliminar la pobreza y para financiar al gobierno.

Dada su propia inclinación hacia la justicia social, la ética, la eficiencia y la imparcialidad básica, a John Lincoln esta disposición le resonó. Pero el fracaso de las propuestas de políticas de George para obtener algún tipo de adhesión política lo desconcertó. Una razón que pudo observar fue que el análisis y las conclusiones de George no recibieron una aceptación académica general. Francamente, excepto por un puñado de universidades como Columbia, UC–Berkeley o la Universidad de Chicago, el trabajo de George se marginalizó, si es que se enseñó. Nunca se consideró como un componente troncal de la formación de economistas o politólogos. Para remediar esto, Lincoln decidió crear la Fundación Lincoln y asociarse con universidades para establecer programas sobre economía de suelo y tributación. Y eso es lo que la Fundación Lincoln hizo desde 1946 hasta 1974.

En 1974, el hijo de John, David C. Lincoln, examinó detenidamente el impacto de los esfuerzos de la fundación por difundir la economía del suelo y la tributación en los ámbitos de la economía y las ciencias políticas. Fue una gran decepción. Los programas respaldados con los recursos de la fundación eran efímeros y la economía del suelo seguía siendo una especialización en unas pocas universidades. Decidió intentar un abordaje nuevo y estableció el Instituto Lincoln de Políticas de Suelo para poner la investigación y formación bajo nuestra propia ala. Y David dejó bien en claro algo que repetía a menudo: “El trabajo de Henry George no se trataba de fomentar los impuestos territoriales, sino de eliminar la pobreza”. Por lo tanto, el Instituto Lincoln se fundó sobre la noción de que la política de suelo no era un fin, sino un medio para solucionar desafíos ambientales, sociales y económicos de mayor envergadura.

Con tal claridad, lo que siguió tuvo efectos cuantificables de inmediato. En la década de 1980, la llegada del abogado y conservacionista de Boston, Kingsbury Browne, como integrante del Instituto Lincoln provocó la creación de una red nacional de conservación del suelo privado que se expandió por todo el territorio de los Estados Unidos. Hoy en día, los miembros de la Land Trust Alliance, una organización que evolucionó a partir del trabajo de Browne, han protegido más de 23 millones de hectáreas de suelo privado a perpetuidad en los Estados Unidos. En la década de 1990, el Instituto Lincoln inventó un avalúo masivo asistido por computadora. Ahora, los gobiernos locales de todas partes usan los sistemas construidos sobre dicho legado. En la década del 2000, nuevos programas internacionales de América Latina respaldaron, evaluaron y documentaron modernas herramientas y técnicas de recuperación de plusvalías del suelo. Decenas de países y miles de jurisdicciones hoy están estudiando formas de usar estas herramientas para movilizar su propia renta pública. En la década de 2010, el Instituto Lincoln se globalizó, y estableció una Red Internacional de Conservación del Suelo para promover la conservación del suelo privado y compartir nuestro trabajo a escala global en lugares como Habitat III.

Este es un punto importante (y sé que demoré en llegar al grano): logramos décadas de trabajo significativo a pesar de que no podíamos definir con facilidad la disciplina en la que operamos. Durante los últimos años, intentamos rectificar eso. Esta primavera, la junta y la gerencia del Instituto Lincoln intentaron definir con eficacia el concepto de política de suelo. Con “eficacia”, quiero decir claridad, fácil comprensión y eficiencia. La tarea nos resultó tan abrumadora que incluso le pedimos ayuda a la inteligencia artificial. En la columna que escribí en abril, compartí nuestros desafíos y les pedí ayuda. Les pedí que enviaran sus mejores definiciones de política de suelo y ofrecí un premio.

Me complace informar que recibimos muchas respuestas de todo tipo, desde artísticas hasta teológicas. Llegaron desde cuatro continentes, y la más lejana fue de Nueva Zelanda. Provinieron, sobre todo, de personas individuales, pero también hubo un esfuerzo grupal de una red de 40 profesionales de América Latina. Su extensión varió de 12 a 548 palabras. Yo mismo envié mi propia definición. Si le interesa leerlas a todas, las encontrará en www.lincolninst.edu/land-policy-reader-submissions.

Si bien los miembros del jurado quedaron muy sorprendidos con el alcance y la creatividad de las respuestas, temo que tengo noticias desalentadoras para quienes sean luditas: consideraron que no superamos al bot de la inteligencia artificial (IA). A modo de recordatorio, esta es la definición de 85 palabras que nos ofreció ChatGPT:

Las políticas de suelo se refieren a las normas y regulaciones que rigen el uso, la propiedad y la gestión del suelo. Implican una toma de decisiones sobre cómo debe utilizarse el suelo, quién debe tener acceso a él y qué actividades se permiten en él. Las políticas de suelo pueden concernir una amplia gama de temas, desde la urbanización y la conservación medioambiental hasta los derechos de propiedad y la equidad social. Su objetivo es equilibrar los intereses de diferentes partes interesadas y garantizar que el suelo se utilice de maneras que beneficien a toda la sociedad.

Eso no significa, sin embargo, que no se merezcan elogios. A la vista de los miembros del jurado, la mejor respuesta fue la de Harvey Jacobs:

La política de suelo consiste en reglas, la cultura que subyace a dichas reglas y las expectativas sociales respecto del uso del suelo. Reúne al gobierno, el mercado y los actores privados. Tiene resultados formales e informales. Los resultados formales suelen ser planes, regulaciones y programas. Los resultados informales suelen ser patrones socialmente aceptados relacionados con el modo en que se debe utilizar el suelo y nuestro comportamiento respecto al suelo.

La respuesta más ahorrativa fue un haiku escrito por PD Blumenthal:

Usar, controlar, compartir suelo
Proteger la tierra, el agua y el aire
Para beneficiarnos todos

Y la respuesta más creativa fue un poema titulado A More Stealthy Georgist Cat (Un gato georgista más sigiloso), de David Harold Chester. Es muy largo para republicarlo aquí, pero puede verse en www.lincolninst.edu/land-policy-reader-submissions.

La respuesta más concisa fue la de Ben Brown:

La política de suelo es un conjunto de reglas a través de las que el gobierno formaliza el pensamiento ilusorio de responder a demandas enfrentadas de uso del suelo en un futuro que es inevitable e incierto.

A pesar de que no superamos a la inteligencia artificial, estoy muy feliz con el resultado del ejercicio. Confirma un par de cuestiones importantes. Primero, la política de suelo tiene un alcance amplio, y toca muchos aspectos de la vida. Viéndolo así, quizás está bien que eluda definiciones sencillas. Segundo, es posible pasar años haciendo algo que no se puede explicar con facilidad. Supongo que los expertos en políticas de suelo no son las únicas personas que no pueden explicar en reuniones familiares lo que hacen exactamente.

Se me ocurre que el problema puede ser taxonómico. En la taxonomía, puede ser más difícil definir una clasificación que dar un ejemplo de algo que está dentro de esa clasificación. En lo que a mi vida respecta, jamás puedo recordar las diferencias entre clase, orden, familia, género o especie, pero bajo presión puedo dar un ejemplo de cada término.

Al final, les voy a dar a todas las personas que participaron en la competencia un libro de su elección de nuestra impresionante biblioteca de publicaciones sobre políticas de suelo que está en constante expansión. Además, a cada uno de los autores de las cuatro respuestas distinguidas arriba les regalaré cinco libros de su elección.

Fue un ejercicio maravilloso y apreciamos el pensamiento y la creatividad puestos en todas las entregas. Valoramos aún más su cooperación como cuerpo colegiado y nos sentimos honrados de compartir este esfuerzo difícil de definir con todos ustedes. Lo que comenzó con un encuentro casual entre un arrollador reformador y un inventor más de un siglo atrás tiene incluso más relevancia hoy en día: encontrar respuestas en el suelo para mejorar la calidad de vida.

 


Crédito: Devonyu vía iStock/Getty Images Plus.

Visita con un becario

Demystifying Land Value Capture, from Colombia to California

By Jon Gorey, Mayo 9, 2024

The Lincoln Institute provides a variety of early- and mid-career fellowship opportunities for researchers. In this series, we follow up with our fellows to learn more about their work.

Urban economist Néstor Garza first partnered with the Lincoln Institute’s program on Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) over 20 years ago—to publish a working paper based on his undergraduate thesis, looking at the spatial distribution of land values in Bogotá, Colombia. Garza’s early career coincided with the city’s increased use of land value capture tools—policies that empower communities to recover and reinvest a portion of property value increases that result from public investment or government action—which allowed him to both study and experience their impact on the built environment. In 2005, Garza received a LAC Graduate Student Fellowship while pursuing his master’s degree in Colombia; he later earned a PhD in Land Economy from the University of Cambridge.

Today, Garza teaches economics at California State University, Dominguez Hills. In this conversation, which has been edited for length and clarity, Garza explains what Los Angeles could learn from his former hometown, why the concept of land value capture is sometimes misunderstood, and why he was excited to prove a 19th-century political economist correct.

JON GOREY: What is the main focus of your research, and how did your Lincoln Institute fellowship help you build upon that work?

NÉSTOR GARZA: My research has always been about urban economics, and more precisely, on the spatial analysis of land markets, regulation, and taxation. For example, I wrote a series of four papers on the neutrality of the land value development tax in Bogotá. This is neutrality in the sense described by Henry George, in that you’re able to extract part of that land value without changing anything else; I was able to prove both static and dynamic neutrality in Bogotá.

In 2005, I was doing my master’s in economics at Universidad Nacional, and I participated in the LAC fellowship. It was about the spatial distribution of housing markets and the creation of a value index for newly built housing in Bogotá. That one was super special: they flew us to an event in Quito, Ecuador, with Lincoln Institute faculty and with the other thesis fellows, and it was super interesting, I learned a lot. And more importantly, I started exchanging with all these colleagues in Latin America that are also interested in these types of things. It was really valuable for me. Then in 2008, Lincoln invited us to stay for three months in Bogotá, a group of Latin American students from maybe 10 different countries, to intensively learn about land markets, land policy, land law, geographic information systems, valuation, and so on. Once again, it was extremely rewarding.

JG: What are you working on now, and what are you hoping to work on next?

NG: One thing I’m working on is in-kind development contributions in Seattle. We all know the West Coast is suffering from a lack of housing—at this point it’s a humanitarian crisis, no?—and part of that is definitely related to the operation of land markets. So I have continued studying in-kind development contributions, specifically sidewalks in Seattle, and the effect of that on the supply of housing.

In Latin America, I’m working with a colleague in Santiago, Chile, creating spatially accurate land value indexes, and with another colleague in Merida Yucatan, in Mexico, on the effects of globalization on the local real estate markets. Essentially, huge amounts of international money are flowing to this region, purchasing absentee-owner real estate which geographically encloses the city, limits its development potential, and increases land values.

And I’m working with a colleague in Colombia tracing the unfolding of neoliberalism there back in the 1980s and ’90s. There was a paradigm shift in the way policy is made toward neoliberal logics, so we analyzed, one by one, the key economists and policymakers who were behind those transformations, analyzed their professional, educational, and research careers, to understand the motivations behind the reforms of 1991.

Buildings and a pedestrian in Mexico
Garza’s current work includes studying the effects of globalization on the local real estate market in Merida, Mexico (pop. 892,000). Credit: Laurentiu Morariu via Unsplash.

JG: What’s the most surprising thing you’ve learned in your research?

NG: To really be able to see and prove, empirically, the static and dynamic neutrality of land value capture, that surprised me. Because, sure, I expected to find that, but when you do find it? Okay! So Mr. George was right, it’s not crazy. The entire thing makes sense. So I would say that was surprising, but a nice surprise, that it works the way we thought it works. Static neutrality means that applying a land value capture fee where there’s a reason for it—for example, new zoning rules, or a new park—decreases land values or decelerates land value increases while leaving everything else constant; it doesn’t discourage new development or change built environment prices in that area. Dynamic neutrality means that the enactment of the land value capture fee does not cause preemption, where developers rush to build, increasing land values, nor does it shift development or home value increases to a different part of the city that doesn’t have the land-based fee.

JG: What’s one thing you wish more people understood about Latin American land policy, or about urban economics more broadly?

NG: There are two things. One is what I wish that the Latin American policymakers and public would understand, and another is what I wish the rest of the world would perceive, particularly the place where I live, the metro area of Los Angeles.

In Latin America, thanks to the Lincoln Institute, I have traveled around the continent, making presentations, talking to people. Some people are really engaged and want to participate and activate all these economic tools for land management. But some people are super resistant, and the resistance comes from a kind of preconception, where in Spanish “land value capture” is translated as la captura de plusvalías. And plusvalías, in Spanish, is the same as the Marxist term “value added,” which has a kind of socialist connotation. People think that this is some kind of socialist conspiracy against private property and markets. This preconception is very difficult to change, to tell them, ‘No, it’s not, it’s actually the opposite. These are tools to enhance the construction industry, to enhance a very active real estate market’—because that’s what we want to march towards, an active market able to provide more housing for everybody.

Now on the other hand, I would like other places, particularly Los Angeles, to see how well Latin American cities use the tools they have to make positive changes in the built environment. It’s an environment of precariousness, poverty, lack of funding—but still, things get made, city blocks get transformed. Here in LA, we have Proposition 13 that completely undermines property taxes, and it’s the exact opposite. We have one of the largest financial bonds markets in the world, with large and extremely sophisticated developers, but we are unable to, for example, redevelop one block, we are unable to increase densities to what’s required to make this region sustainable. It’s so, so difficult here to do anything, as if all of those policy tools did not exist. In Latin America, regardless of the poverty and the problems, it’s not that it’s easy, but it’s being done, it’s happening. So I would like the rest of the world, the US and particularly the state of California, to notice that lots of positive transformations to the urban built environment can be made in the context of market institutions. We can change cities and make them a bit more livable, a bit less hostile to pedestrians or to the inhabitants.

JG: When it comes to your work, what keeps you up at night? And what gives you hope?

NG: For the last few years, what has kept me awake at night, but at the same time given me hope, is higher education, here in the United States and around the world.

On the one hand, I notice a kind of obsession with the specialization of higher education, an obsession with practical skills in everything we do. I feel it from students, from administrators, and from higher level education experts, where everything has to be immediately applicable, and abstract or higher reasoning skills are set aside as unimportant, because they’re not immediately marketable skills to be used in the labor market. But those higher-level abstract reasoning skills are the ones all of us use all the time in the labor force.

At the same time, the higher education system is what gives me hope. In Colombia, back in the ’90s, I attended public school—it was one school for millions of possible students, so the rate of rejection was like 99 percent, everybody was rejected using purely standardized exams. Then once you got in, they failed about 50 percent of the students. It was a cruel elimination process that I somehow survived. But that’s not what higher education should be about—it’s not about eliminating people, it should be about widening possibilities for everybody. Of course, you have to have some degree of rigor, some real seriousness with it. But it doesn’t help to just eliminate people, that doesn’t help society. And I have noticed that in my own country, and everywhere in the world, higher education has moved towards a more accepting, less regimented, less boring way of doing things. And that gives me hope.

JG: What’s the best book you’ve read or show you’ve streamed lately?

NG: About three or four years ago, I read a book—the title is actually quite aggressive—called Bullshit Jobs: A Theory, by anthropologist David Graeber. And it caught my attention because, in a very funny way, it touches on the nonsense that the neoliberal organization of society is bringing on us, the kind of obsession with working. Why? The truth is, the modern capitalist system is able to deliver for everybody by doing almost nothing, it’s so immensely wealthy. But we have ingrained in our heads that we need to have a job to justify our very existence, and that’s produced a kind of collective paranoia where we need to do something and justify doing it, because our lives depend on it. And it creates these masses of disenfranchised workers in a middle state, where it isn’t clear if they’re productive or not, and people suffer psychologically because of that. So the book, in a funny way, takes all of that, and actually touches on important elements of ethics and economics and philosophy, with some funny commentary and interesting anecdotes.


Jon Gorey is staff writer at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

Lead image: Néstor Garza. Credit: Courtesy photo.

Curso

2024 Fundamentals of Municipal Finance Credential

Mayo 13, 2024 - Mayo 16, 2024

United States

Ofrecido en inglés


The University of Chicago is no longer accepting applications for the 2024 program.

Public finance faces heightened scrutiny, which presents opportunities and challenges. As communities continue to struggle with effects of the pandemic while facing urgent needs ranging from affordable housing to infrastructure investment, their decisions about revenues and expenditures must center on equity, efficiency, and sustainability.

Even before COVID-19, situations in communities like Detroit, Stockton, Flint, and Puerto Rico highlighted severe fiscal challenges—and ongoing stress—to public services caused by the shrinking revenue streams impacting many local governments.

While federal funding for local governments increased to provide the services and infrastructure residents demand, this funding source has limits and will soon go back to prepandemic levels. Communities must not only devise ways to spend this influx of money equitably, they must also be prepared to adequately and fairly raise revenues when federal funding diminishes.

Whether you want to better understand public-private partnerships, debt and municipal securities, or leading land-based strategies to finance infrastructure projects, this program will give you the skills and insights to advance your career in local government or community development.

Overview  

This program was created by the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy’s Center for Municipal Finance in partnership with the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. This course will include modules on the following topics:

  • Urban economics and growth
  • Intergovernmental fiscal frameworks, revenues, and budgeting
  • Capital budgeting and Infrastructure Maintenance
  • Debt/Municipal Securities
  • Land Value Capture and Municipal Finance
  • Public-Private Partnerships
  • Financial Analysis for Land Use and Development Decision Making
  • Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) in Municipal Finance

Upon completion of the course, participants will receive a certificate signed by both organizations. For planners maintaining their AICP credentials, this course provides 16 Certification Maintenance (CM) credits from the American Planning Association.

Course Format 

The live virtual programming will last approximately 3.75 hours each day, and the additional coursework—viewing prerecorded lectures and reading introductory materials—will require up to two additional hours each day.

Who Should Attend

Urban planners who work in the private and public sectors as well as individuals in the economic development, community development, and land development industries.

Cost 

Nonprofit and public sector: $2,000
Private sector: $2,500

Space is limited.


Detalles

Fecha(s)
Mayo 13, 2024 - Mayo 16, 2024
Location
United States
Idioma
inglés
Número de créditos
16
Tipo de certificado o crédito
AICP CM credits
Enlaces relacionados
Descargas

Palabras clave

planificación de uso de suelo, salud fiscal municipal, planificación, tributación inmobilaria, finanzas públicas

Orchestrating Impact: Retiring Scholars Reflect on the Lincoln Institute

February 1, 2023

By Anthony Flint, February 1, 2023

 

Having impact at a nonprofit research organization requires being both determined and nimble, according to three scholars who retired last year from the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy after decades of service.

The three scholars—geographer and urbanist Armando Carbonell, who led programs in urban planning and land conservation; Daphne Kenyon, an economist studying the property tax and municipal finance; and economist Martim Smolka, director of the organization’s Latin America program—share reflections about their work and the Lincoln Institute in a special edition of the Land Matters podcast.

Though they pursued different areas of inquiry during their time at the organization, they found common themes, like the central task of assembling and convening a network of practitioners, and continually inviting feedback to keep up to date on the challenges and emerging issues in their fields.

One such network formed in the 1980s when Boston attorney Kingsbury Browne brought together a handful of people who were establishing conservation easements to safeguard ecosystems across the United States. The value of exchanging information about tax laws and land conservation was deemed to be so great, the group ended up forming the Land Trust Alliance, which now represents nearly 1,000 land trusts with some 60 million acres in conservation.

Another area of critical importance: communicating in plain terms and being attentive to different audiences, whether the topic is climate migration or informal settlements or the way the property tax pays for essential local services including schools. The interviewees cite Lincoln Institute projects like the State-by-State Property Tax At a Glance website, the Making Sense of Place film series, and a role-playing game that leads participants through the steps of functioning land markets as successful examples of this approach.

The three scholars (bios below) also recall how they first discovered and interacted with the Lincoln Institute—all of them starting more than 30 years ago—and share their experiences putting together extensive programming over that time. They also look ahead to the daunting challenges awaiting future generations working in the nonprofit realm.

Martim O. Smolka, former senior fellow and director of the Program on Latin America and the Caribbean, is an economist. His areas of expertise include land markets and land policy, access to land by the urban poor, the structuring of property markets in Latin America and property tax systems, including the use of land value increment charges to finance urban development and infrastructure. A graduate of the University of Pennsylvania (MA/PhD), he is co-founder and former president of the Brazilian National Association for Research and Graduate Studies on Urban and Regional Planning.

Daphne A. Kenyon, PhD, is a former resident fellow in tax policy at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Her specialty is state and local public finance, with an emphasis on the property tax. She serves as the president of the National Tax Association. Kenyon’s prior positions include principal of D.A. Kenyon & Associates, a public finance consulting firm; professor and chair of the economics department at Simmons College; senior economist with the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Urban Institute; and assistant professor at Dartmouth College. Kenyon earned her BA in economics from Michigan State University and her MA and PhD in economics from the University of Michigan. She has published numerous reports, articles, and three books. Her research has been cited in The New York Times and The Economist, among other publications. Her latest work was writing a major revision of the 2007 report The Property Tax-School Funding Dilemma with co-authors Bethany Paquin and Andrew Reschovsky.

Armando Carbonell served as head of the Lincoln Institute’s urban planning program. After attending Clark University and the Johns Hopkins University, Carbonell spent the early part of his career as an academic geographer. He went on to initiate a new planning system for Cape Cod, Massachusetts, as the founding Executive Director of the Cape Cod Commission. In 1992 he was awarded a Loeb Fellowship at the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University. Carbonell later taught urban planning at Harvard and the University of Pennsylvania and served as an editor of the British journal Town Planning Review. He has consulted on master plans in Houston, Texas, and Fujian Province, China, and is the author or editor of numerous works on city and regional planning and planning for climate change, including Nature and Cities: The Ecological Imperative in Urban Design and Planning. Carbonell is a Fellow of the American Institute of Certified Planners, Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences (UK), and Lifetime Honorary Member of the Royal Town Planning Institute (UK).

You can listen to the show and subscribe to Land Matters on Apple PodcastsGoogle PodcastsSpotifyStitcher, or wherever you listen to podcasts.

And for the first time, this episode of Land Matters can also be viewed as a video on YouTube.

 


 

Anthony Flint is a senior fellow at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, host of the Land Matters podcast, and a contributing editor of Land Lines.

Image: (Left to Right): Daphne Kenyon, Martim Smolka, Armando Carbonell, and Anthony Flint.


Further Reading

Implementing Value Capture in Latin America

Seven Need-to-Know Trends for Planners in 2023

Rethinking the Property Tax-School Funding Dilemma